Grade is based on completeness of each response. 1.a) Trace a drop of venous blo

Question

Grade is based on completeness of each response.

1.a) Trace a drop of venous blood from the right deltoid muscle to the heart and lungs and then back to the right deltoid with oxygenated blood. You will begin with the cephalic vein and end with the thoracoacromial trunk. Be as detailed as you can. Include all heart chambers, valves and major blood vessels.

1.b) Children who suffer from protein deficiencies have bloated bellies because of ascites (excess interstitial fluid in their abdomen). How would a shortage of protein in the diet cause this condition?

1.c) Compare and contrast skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle tissue.

1.d) The most common site for varicose (distended veins) veins is the great saphenous vein of the leg and thigh. Why?

1.e) Describe, in a few sentences each, the following cardiovascular and blood disorders

-Kawasaki disease

-Raynaud Phenomenon

-Tetralogy of Fallot

-Von Willebrand disease

-Christmas disease ( and no, it’s not a Christmas time thing :) )

Explanation / Answer

1.a)The drop of blood passes from right cephalic vein through median cubital vein to basilic vein. Then the blood drop travel to the axillary vein, then to the subclavian vein, then to brachiocephalic vein, to superior vena cava, to right atrium.

Then it travels through tricuspid valve to right ventricle, to pulmonary trunk, through pulmonary valve. Then it travels through pulmonary artery, capillaries, pulmonary vein, right atrium, mitral valve, right ventricle, aortic valve, ascending aorta, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, right subclavian artery, axillary artery, thoracoacromial artery, and then finally supplying deltoid muscle.

1.b) Shortage of protein in the diet leads to decreased protein, specifically albumin concentration in the plasma. This leads to decreased oncotic pressure, that causes more and more filtration of fluid to the interstitial space at the arterial end of capillaries, without return into the circulation at the venous end. Thus, more fluid becomes accumulated in the ECF, including abdomen, causing ascitis.

1.c) Skeletal muscle

              -Well-developed cross-striations

              -Does not contract in the absence of nervous stimulation

              -Lacks anatomic/ functional connections between individual fibers

              -Under voluntary control

Cardiac muscle

              -Also has cross-striations

              -Functionally syncytial

              -Can contract in the absence of external innervations (pacemaker)

              -Can be modulated by ANS

Smooth muscle

              -Lacks cross-striations

              -Unitary/visceral-wall of most hollow viscera- functionally syncytial, contain pacemakers that discharge irregularly

              -Multi-unit – found in eye, not spontaneously active

1.d) The most common site for varicose (distended veins) veins is the great saphenous vein of the leg and thigh. Great saphenous vein is the superficial vein of lower limb and drains into the deep femoral vein. Any damage in the valves causes incompetency of venous drainage and increased pressure in the great saphenous vein, causing varicosities. This is also increased by prolonged standing and gravity.

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