Describe the different phases of sleep and what is/are the characteristics of ea
ID: 3480227 • Letter: D
Question
Describe the different phases of sleep and what is/are the characteristics of each phase the neurotransmitters involved and what mimics these neurotransmitters or inhibit these neurotransmitter
What is the difference between slow wave sleep and REM sleep
What is meant by neural plasticity
When it comes to memory what is consolidation
What is the difference between long term and short term memory
What parts of the brain are important for learning
What is the difference between associative and non-associative learning and what part of the brain are involved
What is the difference between procedural memory vs declarative memory and what parts of the brain are involved
As it relates to memory, explain long term potentiation
What are the 2 different types of hydrocephaly and what is the cause of each
Explanation / Answer
1.There are 5 different phases of sleep. Phase 1,2,3,4,5 which comes under NREM and REM.
In phase 1, the sleep is light sleep.In this eyes moves slowly amd tge activity of muscle decreases.
In phase 2, 50% of sleeping time is spent and the eye movement stops where brain waves become slower and body temperature and heart rate also slows down.
Phase 3 is the first stage of deep sleep.In this delta waves are interspersed with smaller and faster waves.
Phase 4 is second stage of deep sleep which continues as the brain produces delta waves almost rapidly.
Phase 5 is between 4 amd REM sleep.
REM sleep is rapid eye movement sleep where dreaming occurs and breathing becomes fast, irregular and shallow.
Neurotransmitters acts on different groups of neurons in various parts of brain which control asleep and awake movements.The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus promotes sleep by inhibiting activity in the brains arousal centre.Neurotransmitters like dopamine, histamine, orexin, seretonin, glutamate, norepinephrine and acetylcholine involves in driving wakefulness and sleep cycles.
2. Slow wave sleep is called deep sleep where dreams donot occur and REM sleep is the most dreaming stage of sleep.
3. Neural plasticity is the brain's ability to recognise itself by forming new neural connections throughout the life.
4. Consolidation in terms if memory is defined as the long term memory which is stable.
5.Long term memory can store unlimited amounts of information indefinitely where as short term memory has fairly limited capacity and can hold memory only for short period of time.
6.The hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex are the most important parts of brain for learning.
7. Associates learning refers to variety of learning techniques in which ideas and experiences are connected and associated, where as non-associate learning refers to variety of learning techniques in which an association of stimuli doesnot take place.
The part of brain involved in learning is hippocampus.
8. Procedural memory is also called implict memory and includes the unconscious memory of skills like movement of body, use of objects etc. where as, declarative memory is also called as explict memory and also called memory of facts and events which can be consciously recalled.
Parts of brain involved in procedural memory are cerebellum, putamen, caudate nucleus and motor cortex where as declarative memory involves hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex.
9. Long term potentiation is often carried out in hippocampus for learning and memory and potentiation or increase in synaptic strength lasts for a very long time.
10.It includes a.non communicating hydrocephalus and it blocks the CSF at a level of fluid spaces in brain where as b.communicating hydrocephalus blocks CSF at the surface of the brain.
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