Your friend’s dog, Spot, jumped onto a table with a terrarium housing your pet s
ID: 3479906 • Letter: Y
Question
Your friend’s dog, Spot, jumped onto a table with a terrarium housing your pet salamander, Lizzie. Unfortunately, the table tipped over and Spot has suffered a head injury which damaged the primary motor cortex. Lizzie lost most of the distal right forelimb in the accident. Please answer the following questions regarding the nervous system and regeneration, in a .docx, .pptx, or .pdf format.
A. Starting at the epiblast, describe five developmental events leading up to the generation of upper motor neurons that reside in layer 5 of the motor cortex.
B. You employ a published IPSC approach to generate cortical layer 5 neurons in a culture dish from Spot’s fibroblasts. After transplanting them into the brain lesion site, the neurons must regenerate axons and synapse. Describe two cytoskeletal components crucial for axonal outgrowth and how extracellular cues modulate this process. Propose an experimental manipulation that would promote synapse formation?
Explanation / Answer
Five developmental events
The higher layer contains epiblast cells and also the lower layer contains epiblast cells. By the top of the third week, the embryo is reworked through a collection of processes that ar remarked put together as gastrulation into a three-layered structure. Whereas this could appear to be an easy modification, the transformations of cell lines that occur throughout gastrulation set the stage for all subsequent developments within the embryo. The epiblast cells of the higher cell layer can differentiate into the 3 primary somatic cell lines which will eventually make to all or any of the structures within the developing embryo, whereas the epiblast cells of the lower layer can kind extraembryonic tissues like the vertebrate part of the placenta and also the connecting stalk. Among the somatic cell lines that emerge throughout gastrulation are the neural stem cells. The neural stem cells are capable of manufacturing all of the various cells that compose the brain and central nervous system, and for this reason, the neural stem cells are typically known as the neural progenitor cells. The differentiation of those cells into neural progenitor cells is that the results of complicated molecular communication that involves multiple proteins that have created by many completely different populations of embryonic cells. Remember that at the start of gastrulation, epiblast cells begin to migrate toward so through the primitive streak. Because the set of cells that migrate on the rostral-caudal midplane of the embryo approach the gap, they pass another structure known as the primitive node that has placed at the rostral finish of the primitive streak. The region of the embryo containing the neural ancestor cells is remarked because the neural plate. The neural ancestor cells lie between the 2 ridges. Over the course of many days, the ridges rise, fold inward and fuse to make a hollow tube. The anterior neuropore at the foremost rostral caudal midline of the epiblast and the posterior neuropore at the caudal midline are the last segments to shut, on E25 and E27, severally. Because of the neural progenitors are placed within the region, which will become the ventricles, the region is termed the “ventricular zone” (VZ). Despite the fact that the fundamental three-dimensional organization of the embryo is clear with the formation of the epiblast, over ensuing month, the embryo undergoes ascension. At the top of neurulation the embryo is three to five millimetre long, and by the top of the GW8 it grows to twenty seven to thirty one millimetre, a denary increase. The most anterior of those embryonic brain vesicles is termed the “prosencephalon” that is that the embryonic precursor of the prosencephalon. The center sac is that the “mesencephalon” that is that the precursor of neural structure structures, and also the most posterior is that the “rhombencephalon” which can become the rhombencephalon. These 3 segments more subdivide and by the top of the embryonic amount the 5 secondary brain vesicles are there. The neural structure divides into the “telencephalon” and the “diencephalon”, and also the hindbrain divides into the “metencephalon” and “myelencephalon”. The neural structure does not more split. These 5 subdivisions are aligned on the rostral-caudal axis of the embryo and establish the first organization of the central nervous system.
Related Questions
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.