3. (30 points) Blood flow is essential for survival because it enables the deliv

Question

3. (30 points) Blood flow is essential for survival because it enables the delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes to/from cells throughout the body. Too much or too little blood flow would be detrimental to body function. However, the body has mechanisms to alter blood flow as needed.

- Define blood flow and describe the factors that affect blood flow.

- What features of heart structure and function help to maintain unidirectional blood flow through the heart?

- Explain how heart function can be modified to alter blood flow. Include cardiac output and the factors that affect it in your explanation.   

- Describe how the sympathetic nervous system and the kidneys can be used to regulate blood pressure, and, therefore, blood flow. Apply the basic model of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms and identify the major components of each mechanism (receptor, control center, efferent pathway, effector) in your response.

Explanation / Answer

1. blood flow is the amount of blood which is flowing inside the body which is pumped by the heart . the blood entering the heart through superior and inferior vena cava and exited from heart through aorta into the systemic circulation. this is called as blood flow. factors affecting blood flow are : the blood pressure, the blood volume, the resistance of bloof in blood vessel, in case of disease and during exercise.

2. the presence of valves in the heart maintains the unidirectional flow of blood. the precent the back flow of heart. valves like tricuspid valve, bi cuspid valves and semilunar valve bears cusps which opens due to creation of pressure difference and wen the ventricles gets filled it automatically closes the door preventing the backflow.

3. heart function can be modified like in case of exercise. normally the heart used to pump blood at a normal ferequency of 72 bpm but in case of exercise since the body requires more oxygen for the tissue the heart need po pump more blood. so to meet out the oxygen demands in the tissue the frequency of heart increases since the stroke volume is constant. thereby increases the cardiac output.as the cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

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