PART I. Putting It All Together A. Review Questions Answer the following questio
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PART I. Putting It All Together A. Review Questions Answer the following questions using your lecture notes, your textbook, and your lab notes a palatine tonsils b. vermiform appendis c microwilli d. circular folds e enteroendocrine cells f. Peyer's patches g portal triad h. sinusoids L fakciform ligament Explain why acid reflux into the esophagus damages the esophageal wall and causes pain, whereas gastric juice does not typically irritate the stomach lining. 2. 3. Predict the effect of the removal of the gallbladder on the digestion of fats. Jesse, a 7-week-old baby, is experiencing frequent projectile vomiting. An MRI reveals a thicken- ing of the pyloric sphincter and a full stomach, even though it has been hours since he was last fed 4. What problem is the thickened pyloric sphincter causing? 5. How are the epithelial linings of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine structurally adapted for their specific functions?Explanation / Answer
1 a.located on the left and right sides at the back of the throat
b.located ot the junction of small and large intestine
c.Thousands of microvilli form a structure called the brush border that is found on the apical surface of some epithelial cells, such as the small intestines.
d.large vaular flaps projecting in to the lumen of the small intestine
e.located in stomach, in the intestine, in the pancreas
f.Located throughout the ileum region of the small intestine.
g. it is a distinctive arrangement in the liver
h. Found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen
i.is a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior (ventral) body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform ("sickle-shaped"), its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward.
2. Acid reflux is when some of the acid content of the stomach flows up into the esophagus - into the gullet, which moves food down from the mouth. Despite the name, heartburn has nothing to do with the heart.
We all may experience acid reflux occasionally, often associated with certain food and drink. Recurrent acid reflux that leads to disease has other causes and risk factors and is termed gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is seen in people of all ages, sometimes for unknown reasons (idiopathic). Often, the cause is attributable to a lifestyle factor, but it can also be due to causes that cannot always be prevented.
symptoms : Acid reflux, whether it is a harmless, isolated episode of the sort we all experience at some point, or the persistent problem of gastroesophageal reflux disease, usually produces the same main symptom: Heartburn.
Heartburn is a discomfort - happening in the esophagus and felt behind the breastbone area - that takes the form of a burning sensation; it generally gets worse when the person lies down or bends over. It can last for several hours and also tends to worsen after eating food.
The pain of heartburn may move up toward the neck and throat; stomach fluid can reach the back of the throat in some cases, producing a bitter or sour taste.
If heartburn occurs regularly - two or more times a week - it is termed gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD for short. GERD can also have other symptoms, including:
gastric juice Normally the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice does not irritate or injure thedelicate stomach tissues. However, in certain persons the stomach producestoo much gastric juice, especially between meals when it is not needed, and thegastric secretions presumably erode the stomach lining, producing a peptic ulcer, and also hinder its healing once an ulcer has formed.
3.
The gallbladder is a sac that stores bile made by the liver in between meals. After a meal, the gallbladder squeezes the bile it has stored into the intestine. In the intestine, the bile mixes with food and fat. Bile is important because it helps with the digestion of fat and its transfer from the intestine into the body.
When the gallbladder is removed, bile made by the liver can no longer be stored between meals. Instead, the bile flows directly into the intestine anytime the liver produces it. Thus, there still is bile in the intestine to mix with food and fat. It is true that there is not as much bile, but there is enough to allow the digestion and transfer of fat. People who have had their gallbladders removed do not need to limit the fat in their diet.
The only clear side effect of removal of the gallbladder is diarrhea. This occurs in about 10% of patients. The diarrheaoccurs because of the change in the way bile is delivered to the intestine once the gallbladder has been removed. Bile and the way it is delivered to the intestine appears to control the speed with which food passes through the intestine. Removing the gallbladder speeds up the passage of food and thereby may cause the diarrhea. There may be other reasons why the change in delivery of bile causes diarrhea as well.
4.
problem is pyloric stenosis
Pyloric stenosis is an uncommon condition in infants that blocks food from entering the small intestine.
Normally, a muscular valve (pylorus) between the stomach and small intestine holds food in the stomach until it is ready for the next stage in the digestive process. In pyloric stenosis, the pylorus muscles thicken and become abnormally large, blocking food from reaching the small intestine.
Pyloric stenosis can lead to forceful vomiting, dehydration and weight loss. Babies with pyloric stenosis may seem to be hungry all the time.
5. specific function of the epithelia linning of the digestve tract is used to absorption of the food
absorbing helpful substances and providing a barrier against harmful substances. Some diseases and conditions are caused by dysfunction in the intestinal epithelium, and some diseases and conditions cause problems with these cells, which then leads to further complications.
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