Perform a literature search and submit illustrative stress versus strain profile

Question

Perform a literature search and submit illustrative stress versus strain profiles for trabecular bone, tendon, and skin. Be sure to provide: (1) a discussion comparing the profiles; and (2) full citations of your references. Please also make sure that your profiles are properly and neatly labeled. Your references must be peer-reviewed journal articles or books (30 points for profiles + 20 points for discussion + 10 points for properly formatted citations = 60 points total).

Please be sure to follow the following formats when referencing your citations Example of citing a journal articles (include article titles): Williams, G; Seger, B; Kamat, P. V. UV-Assisted Photocatalytic Reduction of Graphene Oxide. ACS Nano 2008, 2, 1487-1491 Example of citing a book (include book title and the relevant chapter title when available): Craighead, H. G. Nanostructures in Electronics. In Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications; Edelstein, A., Cammatata, R. Eds.; Taylor and Francis: New York, 1998, pp 565- 566

Explanation / Answer

Bone

Generally the bone is of two types cancellous or trabecular or spongy and corticla or compact.The trabecular and spongy bone is comprised of same material but differ in porosity and organisation.

The mechanical properties of bone are dependent on the mineral content.Higher mineral content makes it stiffer and increases the modulus of elasticity.Bone shows a linear range in which the stress increases in proportion to strain.The slope of this area gives the Young's modulus of elasticity.Bone is generally strain rate sensitive and it has an implication in bone tendon or ligament injuries.

Cortical bone is more stiffer than cancellous bone thus can bear greater stress but lesser strain before faliure.1

Tendon

Tendons connect muscles to bone.Tendons are adaptive to changes due to injuries or exercise.tendons are comprised of collagen fibrils,proteoglycan matrix and fibroblasts that are arranged in parallel rows.

The stress to strain curve for tendons show three main regions and is usually non linear;

1. The Toe in region (this part of curve shows low stiffness and represent un-crimping of fibrils)

2. The linear region

3. The yield and faliure region2

Skin

Skin is an inelastic tissue but under loading and unloading stress strain curve can be obtained and is insensitive to strain rate

During stretching of skin the distance between its components increases and thus the energy of its molecules increases.Similarly during the compression the distance between its components decreases and energy of molecules increases causing imbalance.Thus during the process of stretching the forces are attractive in nature and repulsive in compression.These forces balance the external forces acting on skin.3

References

1.S. Pal.Mechanical Properties of Biological Materials.Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014.

2.Robi Kelc, Jakob Naranda, Matevž Kuhta, Matjaž Vogrin.The Physiology of Sports Injuries and Repair Processes.Current Issues in Sports and Exercise Medicine Intech  pp.43-86,2013.

3.Mariola Pawlaczyk, Monika Lelonkiewicz, and Micha Wieczorowski. Age-dependent biomechanical properties of the skin.Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2013 Oct; 30(5): 302–306

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