Q2): a) Name the Meninges and their related spaces surrounding the Brain & the S
ID: 3476727 • Letter: Q
Question
Q2): a) Name the Meninges and their related spaces surrounding the Brain & the Spinal Cord. b) Enumerate the clinical implications of these Meninges and their meningeal spaces. c) What kinds of neurons are in the Dorsal nerve roots, in the Ventral nerve roots, and in the Spinal nerves? Q3): a) What is a Reflex Arc? Describe the physiology of its action. b) What happens in a Spinal Cord injury? State the clinical implications. c) How many types of Spinal cord injury can occur? Name them, and describe the physiology of their occurrence.Explanation / Answer
2 (A ) MENINGES :
The meninges is a layered unit of membranous connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord. These coverings encase central nervous system structures so that they are not in direct contact with the bones of the spinal column or skull. The meninges are composed of three membrane layers known as the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Each layer of the meninges serves a vital role in the proper maintenance and function of the central nervous system.
The meninges functions
primarily to protect and support the central nervous system (CNS). It connects the brain and spinal cord to the skull and spinal canal. The meninges forms a protective barrier that safeguards the sensitive organs of the CNS against trauma. It also contains an ample supply of blood vessels that deliver blood to CNS tissue. Another important function of the meninges is that it produces cerebrospinal fluid. This clear fluid fills the cavities of the cerebral ventricles and surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid protects and nourishes CNS tissue by acting as a shock absorber, by circulating nutrients, and by getting rid of waste products.
2 (B) THREE MENINGE SPACES THERE ARE DURA MATTER , ARACHINOID MATTER, PIA MATTER
Dura Mater: This outer layer connects the meninges to the skull and vertebral column. It is composed of tough, fibrous connective tissue. Dura mater that surrounds the brain consists of two layers. The outer layer is called the periosteal layer and the inner layer is the meningeal layer. The outer periosteal layer firmly connects the dura mater to the skull and covers the meningeal layer. The meningeal layer is considered the actual dura mater. Located between these two layers are channels called dural venous sinuses.
Arachnoid Mater: This middle layer of the meninges connects the dura mater and pia mater. The arachnoid membrane loosely covers the brain and spinal cord and gets its name from its web-like appearance. The arachnoid mater is connected to the pia mater through tiny fibrous extensions that span the subarachnoid space between the two layers. The subarachnoid space provides a route for the passage of blood vessels and nerves through the brain and collects cerebrospinal fluid that flows from the fourth ventricle.
Pia Mater: This thin inner layer of the meninges is in direct contact with and closely covers the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. The pia mater has a rich supply of blood vessels, which provide nutrients to nervous tissue. This layer also contains the choroid plexus, a network of capillaries and ependyma (specialized ciliated epithelial tissue) that produce cerebrospinal fluid.
2 ( C)
3( a)
reflex arc : the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between.
physiology :in the simplest arrangement, the receptor-adjustor-effector units form a functional group known as thereflex arc. Sensory cells carry afferent impulses to a central interneuron, which makes contact with a motor neuron. The motor neuron carries efferent impulses to the effector, which produces the response
3(b)
when the spinal cord injured .An accident that causes your vertebrae to break can also damage your spinal cord. And when the spinal cord is damaged, the highway is essentially closed. Nerve impulses can’t get through. This results in paralysis – loss of mobility and sensation – below the level of injury.
complications :
At first, changes in the way your body functions may be overwhelming. However, your rehabilitation team will help you develop the strategies you need to address the changes caused by the spinal cord injury. Areas often affected include:
The changes in bladder control increase your risk of urinary tract infections. They also may cause kidney infections and kidney or bladder stones.
3 (c)
All spinal cord injuries are divided into two broad categories: incomplete and complete.
incomplete spinal cord injuries are increasingly common,
Some of the most common types of incomplete or partial spinal cord injuries include:
Knowing the location of your injury and whether or not the injury is complete can help you begin researching your prognosis and asking your doctor intelligent questions. Doctors assign different labels to spinal cord injuries depending upon the nature of those injuries. The most common types of spinal cord injuries include:
Injuries below the lumbar spinal cord do not typically produce symptoms of paralysis or loss of sensation. They can, however, produce nerve pain, reduce function in some areas of the body, and necessitate several surgeries to regain function. Injuries to the sacral spinal cord, for instance, can interfere with bowel and bladder function, cause sexual problems, and produce weakness in the hips or legs. In vary rare cases, sacral spinal cord injury survivors suffer temporary or partial paralysis.
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