please answer all the questions Can You Apply What You\'ve Learned? 12 You are a

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please answer all the questions

Can You Apply What You've Learned? 12 You are a biomedical researcher who is interested in designing a drug to increase bone density. You have decided you can take one of two approacher (1) design a drug that stimulates bone to be built faster, or (2) design a drug that prevents bone from breaking down. To begin this process, you need to study the cells that would likely respond to either drug 1 or drug 2.What cells are these? (break down bone build bone) a. 13. What process must stop in order for the epiphyseal plate to close? (That is, which layer of the plate must stop its development first?) 14. A forensic anthropologist identifies a bone as a left femur with epiphyses that are detached from the diaphysis. Does this bone belong to a juvenile or an adult? Justify your answer Can You Synthesize What You've Learned? 15. One effect of growth hormone (GH) is the stimulation of cartilage growth. Discuss how decreased GH production during development might impact a person's height. 16. Why might astronauts, who spend only a few days in outer space under microgravity freduced gravity), experience a significant loss in bone density? 17. Vitamin D promotes increased dietary calcium and phosphorus absorption in the small intestine. Describe why doctors may recommend vitamin D supplements to patients diagnosed with osteoporosis (weak/brittle bones),

Explanation / Answer

1.osteoblast-bone producing cell.

Osteoclast -bone removing cell

Osteoprognitor cell from which osteoblast and osteoclast derived.

2.there 3 zone in the epiphyseal plate 1.zone of resting cartilage 2.zone of proliferating cartilage 3.zone of calcification.

In zone of proliferating cartilage cell are larger hey undergo repeated mitosis.when bone has attained full length zone of proliferating cartilages stop bt the process of calcification continue and there is fusion of epiphysis.

3.there are 3 epiphysis at the upper end and obe epiphysis at the lower end.the upper upper epiphysis fuse with diaphysis at about 18 year and lower epiphysis fuses by 20th year .so it is the bone of a adult.

4.growth hormone effects .1 it increse depositon of protein by chondrocytic and osteogenic cell that cause bone growth.2increse rate of reproduction by these cell .3.convert chindrcyte into osteogenic cell.in deficiency of growth hormone all these effect decreasedand eate of developement is greatly decreased and dwarfism occur in child.

5.astronut who spend few days in outer space and microgravity thare is increase in height .the growth is temporary and that may be due to increase in intervertebral disc.person comes to normal height after few days in earth gravity.

6.vitamin D.has several effects on intestine ,kidney ,and bones that increase absorptiin of calcium and phosphate into extracellular fluid.

Vit D increase intestinal absorption of calcium by formation of calbindin acalcium binding protein in intestinal cell.this protein function in brush border of these cell to transport calcium into these cell cytoplasm.

VitD decrease renal calcium and phophate excretion.

Administrtion of smaller quantit of vit.D cause calcification of bone.

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