3. (20 points) Perhaps the best way to appreciate the importance of hormones in

Question

3. (20 points)  Perhaps the best way to appreciate the importance of hormones in the regulation of bodily functions is to observe what happens when they are not working properly. Select an endocrine disorder associated with hypersecretion or hyposecretion of either growth hormone, cortisol, or thyroid hormone. Describe the normal effectors and effector actions associated with that hormone. Explain why hyper or hyposecretion of that hormone produces the symptoms associated with the particular disorder you are describing.

Explanation / Answer

The thyroid stimulating hormone orTSH is produced by anterior pituitary lobe. It controls the release of the hormones from thyroid gland. The hypothalamus is involved in regulation of the TSH secretions. this occurs by producing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). The thyroid hormones circulating in the blood inhibit the release of both the TRH and TSH. The increase in the thyroid hormones in the blood decreases the secretion of TRH and TSH.

The follicular cells of thyroid gland produce two hormones called thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triidothyronine (T3). Both these hormones have similar actions but the triiodothyronine is five times more potent than T4.

These hormones are involved in the regulation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins metabolism. These hormones function to increase the rate of energy released from the carbohydrates, increase the rate of protein synthesis and stimulate the oxidation of lipids. The thyroid hormones are required for the growth and development and for maturation of nervous system.

The increased secretion of thyroid hormone causes hyperthyroidism. The excess thyroid hormone exhibits pronounced effects on cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems. The heart rate is accelerated and hyperactive refluxes are observed. The muscles are observed with frequent and fine tremors. The excess hormone affects emotional and intellectual functions. Therefore, hyperthyroid individuals are hyperactive, emotionally labile and are quite irritable. They may have difficulty in concentration because of highly accelerated mental processes. The metabolic effects observed are increased metabolic activity with hot and flushed skin and rapid weight loss.

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