14. Discuss the relationship between Neurotransmitters and Psychoactive drugs. G

Question

14. Discuss the relationship between Neurotransmitters and Psychoactive drugs. Give examples. 15. What is epigenetics? 16. What are the 5 roles of sleep? 17. When is a disorder a disorder? 18. Discuss Eriksons attachment styles 19. Discuss the evolution of psychological theory 20. Discuss the purpose of both rods and cones in the eye. 21. Table 6.3- the senses 22. Discuss the 3 primary parenting styles, their effectiveness and flaws 23. Describe the symptoms and etiology of ASD 24. Discuss the biological mechanisms related to the action potential, neurotransmitters and cocaine. 25. Discuss relevant theories on dream interpretation 26. Discuss sleep deprivation and its effects on the body 27. Compare and contrast the nervous system with the endocrine system.

Explanation / Answer

14.Neurotransmitters include serotonin, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine and about two dozen others.. All psychoactive drugs, synthetic or natural, affect the brain by interacting with receptors of neurotransmitters that are present in the brain. Some psychoactive substances are able to mimic the effects of neurotransmitters. Others interfere with normal brain function by blocking it, or by altering the way neurotransmitters are stored, released, and removed. Different psychoactive drugs have different ways of acting in the brain to produce their effects. They bind to different receptor types, and can increase or decrease the activity of neurons through a range of mechanisms. Consequently, they have different effects on behaviour, different rates of development of tolerance, different withdrawal symptoms, and different short-term and long-term effects. Depressants, such as alcohol, sedatives/hypnotics and volatile solvents, that diminish the activity of the central nervous system. Stimulants, such as nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines and ecstasy, that increase the activity of the central nervous system. Opioids, such as morphine and heroin, that relieve pain, dull the senses, and induce sleep. Hallucinogens such as PCP and LSD, that can distort perceptions to induce delusions or hallucinations. Today's drugs of abuse are no different. PCP is called "angel dust," pure methamphetamine is sold as "ice," and MDMA, a designer drug, is called "ecstasy." No matter what type of nickname a psychoactive drug possesses, it basically produces its effect by altering the powerful neurotransmitters in the brain. The influence of psychoactive drugs is almost entirely limited to changes in the synapse. The exception would occur where the drug itself produced changes in other parts of the neuron, such as the cell membranes. For example, hallucinogens are believed to cause synesthesia ("seeing" sounds, "hearing" colors) by mimicking serotonin, acetylcholine and norepinephrine. MDMA affects three neurotransmitters in the brain: serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine (or noradrenaline). When the drug enters the brain, it leads to these neurotransmitters being released from their synaptic vesicles in neurons. This results in increased neurotransmitter activity. MDMA causes substantially increased serotonin release and dopamine release to a lesser extent. The excess release of serotonin causes the mood elevating effects that MDMA user’s experience. However, by releasing large amounts of serotonin. 15. The term epigenetics, which was coined by Waddington in 1942, was derived from the Greek word “epigenesis” which originally described the influence of genetic processes on development. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence — a change in phenotype without a change in genotype — which in turn affects how cells read the genes. Epigenetics, essentially, affects how genes are read by cells, and subsequently how they produce proteins. Certain circumstances in life can cause genes to be silenced or expressed over time. In other words, they can be turned off (becoming dormant) or turned on (becoming active). Epigenetics Is Everywhere. What you eat, where you live, who you interact with, when you sleep, how you exercise, even aging – all of these can eventually cause chemical modifications around the genes that will turn those genes on or off over time. Additionally, in certain diseases such as cancer or Alzheimer’s, various genes will be switched into the opposite state, away from the normal/healthy state. Epigenetics Makes Us Unique. Even though we are all human, why do some of us have blonde hair or darker skin? Why do some of us hate the taste of mushrooms or eggplants? Why are some of us more sociable than others? The different combinations of genes that are turned on or off is what makes each one of us unique. Due to time limit,remaining questions can be asked as another question,they will be answered,thankyou for your cooeprtaion

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