2. Biological etiology of depressive disorders Aa Aa Neurotransmitters and depre
ID: 3469651 • Letter: 2
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2. Biological etiology of depressive disorders Aa Aa Neurotransmitters and depression Multiple reseach findings have pointed to neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine playing a central role in the biology of depression. Some of the first evidence for this was found from the side effect of from the drug isoniazid when used for tuberculosis. Recently, evidence for the role of in depression has been found from the results of electrical stimulation studies of different brain regions. These research findings indicate that changes in the functions such as appetite, digestion, and the sleep cycle, also regulate mood of the brain that regulate Depression and heredity Which of the following is true about the role that heredity plays in the development of depressive disorders? O People with the long 5-HTTLPR gene are more likely to develop depression. O The highest coincident rate for depression occurs in female identical twins, who have identical genomes. O Depression is more likely to occur between non-twin siblings than between siblings who are twins Cortisol, stress, and the brain Elevated levels of cortisol have been linked to differences in brain biochemistry and physiology that are associated with depression. Regardless of culture or ethnicity, increased blood cortisol is associated with depression disorders Which of the following is a way cortisol can produce depressive responses and symptoms? O Heightened activity in brain areas that process negative stimuli results from high levels of cortisol. O High levels damage neurons in the amygdala, resulting in hyper-reactivity to depressing experiences. O Excessive levels of cortisol damage neurons and also inhibit neurogenesis in the hippocampus Difficulty with emotional regulation associated with depression is the result of damage to which of the following brairn structures? O The prefrontal cortex O The hippocampus O The amygdalaExplanation / Answer
2.b gama amino butyric acid as it components present in isoniazid contain amino acids including this and it results in various changes leading to depression
2.c neural mechanism as the electricals stimulation studies show the neural mechanism responsible for depression by tracking the changes in the function if brain
2.d hypothalamus as it is effected by serotonin dopamine and norepinephrine and also is responsible for hunger mechanism, sleep , digestion as well as mood
3 the highest coincident rate for depression occurs in female identical twins who have identical genomes
As per the findings of the twin studies the identical females have a concordance rate of 47.6% whereas for males it is 31.3% when compared to non identical twins. Hence the statement is true for depression.
4. High levels damage neurons in the amygdala, resulting in hyper reactivity to depressing experiences. As amygdala is hyperactive and is responsible for neegative emotions like fear and anxiety which increase depression
5. The prefrontal cortex as it is responsible for emotions and it gets damaged resulting in depression
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