Short Answer Questions (5 points each): Please respond to each of the following

Question

Short Answer Questions (5 points each): Please respond to each of the following questions or prompts with a brief statement (3-5 sentences should suffice in most cases). You do not need to cite any sources for these short answer questions; simply answer them as clearly and succinctly (though completely) as possible in your own words.

Describe the Galenic “non-naturals” and their role in the Galenic conception of disease.

Distinguish between the Dogmatist and Empiric sects of Ancient Roman medicine. What do these differences suggest about the importance of philosophy and experience to each group?

Learned medicine suffered in both the eastern and western portions of the former Roman Empire in the early medieval period (roughly 476-800 CE). What may help us account for the relatively stronger traditions of preservation and synthesis in the Byzantine East, versus the Latin West?

Describe the typical medical education offered in Western European universities in the late Middle Ages.

What does the example of Michael Servetus suggest about the nature of the relationship between religious thought and medical innovation in the Renaissance?

Explain why Thomas Sydenham became known as the “English Hippocrates.” What was modern about his thinking? What of it was seemingly ancient (i.e. more traditional)?

What was novel about Giovanni Morgagni’s approach to anatomy? What new understandings did it yield?

How did Peter Frank’s “medical police” exemplify Enlightenment ideals concerning the place of reason in society?

Explanation / Answer

The four humours were the basis of Medieval medicine and this continued into the Early modern period. They were: blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm. Each of these humours equated to qualities: blood= hot & wet, yellow bile= hot & dry, black bile = dry & cold, phlegm= cold& wet. These in turn related to the four temperaments: sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic.

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