HELPFUL INFO--- Appeal to Unqualified Authority Encourages audience to accept wh

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HELPFUL INFO---

Appeal to Unqualified Authority

Encourages audience to accept what others believe

Claims or assumes special expertise

One or more of the following problems:

Appeals to people who are not experts in the appropriate subject, or not experts at all

Lack of consensus among experts on the subject

Not an area of established knowledge

Appeals to untrustworthy experts

Appeal to Ignorance

Can be paraphrased in the following way

There is no evidence/proof that p

Therefore, p is false

It is NOT the case that: If p were true, good evidence or a proof of p would have been discovered.

Hasty Generalization

Reasoning from a sample to the general population

One of the following

The sample is too small

The sample is biased

NOT one of the other, more specific, fallacies. (Some other fallacies could be subsumed under HG, especially FC and WA)

False Cause

Starts with correlation between X and Y, concludes X is the cause of Y

Fails to rule out other potentially more likely explanations, especially:

Just coincidence

It’s reversed, Y causes X

Some third thing, Z, causes both

X is only one of a number of causal factors

Subtype: "The Gambler’s Fallacy"

Concerns a series of independent events or turns, where X is one possible result among others

Premises say that X has not come up as often as statistically expected in previous turns

Concludes X is more likely on the next turn

Slippery Slope

Argument that can be paraphrased:

A leads to B

B leads to C

…

… leads to Z.

Z is a catastrophe or an absurdity.

So, A must be rejected.

No objectively good reason to predict such a chain reaction

Weak Analogy

Makes a comparison between X and Y

The similarities are not relevant to the conclusion

There are dissimilarities that are relevant to the conclusion

QUESTION 34 I never eat in restaurants. There s no way to prove they aren t spitting in your food, and so you can conclude that they do spit in it, all the time. If you eat at restaurants a lot, you ve probably eaten someone else s spit. Appeal to Unqualified Authority Appeal to Ignorance Hasty Generalization O False Cause O Slippery Slope O Weak Analogy No Fallacy QUESTION 35 Yesterday l started up my lawnmower and it immediately started to rain. I never knew starting a lawnmower could make it rain Appeal to Unqualified Authority O Appeal to Ignorance Hasty Generalization False Cause Slippery Slope O Weak Analogy ONo Fallacy QUESTION 36 Albert Einstein, most renowned physicist and genius of our time, once remarked, "T'm not an atheist Since even Einstein was not an atheist, we surely must conclude that atheism is false. O Appeal to Unqualified Authority o Appeal to Ignorance Hasty Generalization O False Cause O Slippery Slope O Weak Analogy No Fallacy

Explanation / Answer

answer 34- The person is making claim that he never eats in restaurants because he believes that they spit in the food and he is making this argument because there is no evidence against his argument. Therefore this is the example of Appeal of ignorance.

answer 35- There is no relationship between lawnmower and rain, but the person is making the relationship between both. Therefore this is the example of False cause.

Answer 36- The person is trying to make an argument on the basis of mistaken reasoning. This is the example of Hasty generalization because he is referring another person as an evidence for his belief.

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