24. Be able to describe Latane & Darley\'s \"smoke\" study and the results. What
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24. Be able to describe Latane & Darley's "smoke" study and the results. What is pluralistic ignorance? How does the smoke study demonstrate pluralistic ignorance? 25. What is diffusion of responsibility? Be able to describe Latane and Darley's "seizure" study and the results. How does this study demonstrate diffusion of responsibility? 26. What is the bystander effect? 27. Be able to define and differentiate between the two types of 28. When it comes to conformity, what are two goals people are 9. What is normative influence? Be able to given an example social influence (conformity and obedience) concerned about? What kind of change does normative influence tend to lead to? does it relate to normative influence? example. What kind of change does informational influence 30. Be able to describe the Asch experiment and its results. How 31. What is informational influence? Be able to given an tend to lead to? 32. Be able to describe the Milgram experiment in detail 33. What percentage of participants did psychiatrists predict would go all the way to 450 volts in the Milgram experiments? What were the actual results? 34. According to the variations of the Milgram study, under what conditions did obedience increase? Under what conditions did it decrease?Explanation / Answer
24. latane and darleys smoke study explains that people report to situations slowly in presence of others along with them. they selected subjects who filled a questionnaire in a room and smoke was released into it. there weere 3 different situations in this study. in the first one the subject was alone, the second one the subject was present along with 3 other candidates who didnt know about the smoke anad the third where one subject and 2 confederates i.e. people who knew about the smoke but still ignored it on instructions were present. 75% of alone subjects acted towards the smoke , 38% of those with other unknown people reported it within the time frame and the people with confederates looked and waited for them to react and only 10% of them acted towards it.
pluralistic ignorance is a group bias according to which most of the members do not believe in the action but think others do and hence carry that as per there thought. this explains the bystanders effect also. when in a group of people others do not react to an emergency people think that they consider the actions to be wrong and hence we go in line with them and dont help it. looking at the smoke study to explain this concept we can clearly observe that when a person was alone he reports the smoke but when surrounded by others he will wait for the others to react and till then will ignore the smoke. hence the cases where all 3 were unknown reported faster and the cases where the subject was surrounded by confederates reported less frequently and slowly as the bystanders ignored it.
25. diffusion of responsibility is the proposal which states that the amount of responsibility assumed by the bystanders to an emergency is shaared among them. if the bystander is only 1 then he has 100% responsibility but if it increases to 2 it reduces to 50% responsibilty and further if the bystanders are 100 the responsibility would be 1%. increase in bystanders decreases individual responsibilty and hence results in increased diffusion of responsibility. this can be explained with the help of epileptic seizure study by latane and darley. in this experiment the participants were asked to enter the lab and take a part in a discussion about their personal problems. they talked to varying numbers of strangers from one to four in various trials. the discussion was sensitive and hence took place over an intercom so that they couldnt see the people they were talking to. one of them would have an epileptic seizure and would ask for help with a predefined script and the time taken for others to help in different situations would be observed. it was observed that more the people discussing the issue the slower the help would arrive. hence, this hsows that if bystanders are more the sense of responsibility gets diffused and hence help arrives either slowly or doesnt even arrive in some cases.
26.bystanders effect is an psychological aspect effecting prosocial response to an emrgency. prosocial behavior is any act that benefits the others. it doesnt provide any direct benefit to the one showing it and may even involve some risk. it states that the likelihood of a prosocial behavior occurying gets reduced if the number of bystanders increase and the time that passes before the help increases.
27. social influencevinclude many ways in which people produce changes in others behavior, attitudes, or beliefs. change with respect to attitudes is persuasion. change in overt behavior via general request is compliance. change through rules regarding right or wrong behavioris conformity. chaneg by direct orders is obedience.
conformity refers to pressures to behave in ways consistent with rules indicating how we should behave. these are known as social norms as they exert powerful effects on our behavior. in some situations norms are stated explicitly and are detailed whilein others they are implicit and develop in informal manner.
obedience is when one person directly orders other to behave in a certain way. it is less frequent than conformityor compliance as the authoritative people tend to exert influence on others through requests rather than orders. it states that authoritative people have means of enforcing their orders on others.
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