1. Engineering the consequences of her daughter\'s behavior is a key element in
ID: 3454586 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Engineering the consequences of her daughter's behavior is a key element in Laureen's parenting strategy. As an example, her daughter is allowed to select the evening movie if she completes her homework before dinner. Laureen appears to echo _____ in emphasizing the importance of _____ conditioning in learning.
A) Pavlov; classical
B) Pavlov; operant
C) Skinner; classical
D) Skinner; operant
2. Which statement about the consequences of behavior is TRUE?
A) Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of desired behavior, whereas negative reinforcement decreases it.
B) Positive reinforcement decreases the likelihood of desired behavior, whereas negative reinforcement increases it.
C) Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both increase the likelihood of desired behavior.
D) Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both decrease the likelihood of desired behavior.
3. Which statement accurately represents the main distinction between classical and operant conditioning?
A) Classical conditioning involves the learning of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behavior.
B) Operant conditioning involves the learning of associations between two stimuli, whereas classical conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behavior.
C) Classical conditioning focuses on discrimination between stimuli, whereas operant conditioning focuses on stimulus generalization.
D) Operant conditioning focuses on discrimination between stimuli, whereas classical conditioning focuses on stimulus generalization.
4. The levels of processing framework:
A) assumes that the longer material is in short-term memory, the deeper its memory traces will be.
B) is primarily concerned with a type of memory called "procedural."
C) suggests that thinking about material leads to better memory than does simply repeating the material to oneself.
D) holds that meaningless material produces greater depth of processing than does material that can be fitted into meaningful contexts.
5. Dr. Babineaux asks a sample of 8-year-old children to complete measures of several personality traits. When the same children are 14 years old, she asks them to complete measures of the same traits. Dr. Babineaux then computes correlation coefficients between the two sets of measures. Her results are MOST relevant to the _____ discussion.
A) stages or continuity
B) environment and heredity
C) stability and change
D) free will or determinism
6. Research shows that approximately _____% of babies have temperaments that are hard to classify.
A) 5
B) 15
C) 35
D) 50
7. Izard (2007) suggested that emotions may be organized with respect to the two dimensions of:
A) arousal and feeling.
B) valence and arousal.
C) expression and valence.
D) arousal and expression.
8. According to the Cannon–Bard theory:
A) emotions are produced by physiological responses to stimuli.
B) emotions reflect the way situations are interpreted.
C) the thalamus sends sensory signals to both the hypothalamus and the cortex.
D) emotion results from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.
Explanation / Answer
Ans 1. Option d) skinner operant - Skinner's theory says that in order to have repeated or desirable behaviour from people they should be provided positive reeinforcement like rewards, praise etc. Hence movie is her reward for completing homework.
Ans 2. Option a) As discussed above this is based on famous behavioural theory by Skinner which states that positive reeinforcement like praise, rewards, accolades increases the frequency of desirable behaviour whereas as negative reeinforcement like punishments, scoldings etc decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviour.
Ans 3. Option a) Pavlov focused on association between two variables, in his experiment the dog salivates when he hears ringing of the bell. Whereas in Skinner's experiment the mouse got electric shock when he pressed red button and got food when he pressed green button, on which he stated that a person learns a behaviour from the response or consequence he comes accross.
Ans 4. Option c) It suggests that meaningful information taken from stimuli lasts longer ni LTM rather than analysis performed on that object.
Ans 5. Option a) - stages or continuity. The children were 7 year old and then in the teens, hence this is transition from kids to teens including their toght changes or their physical change. Herifity would not change, there is no metion of change in environment as well, free will or determinism and option c are more concerned with adult thinking.
Ans 7 Option d) Arousal and expression - Izard's theory is based on evolution theory of Chrles darwin . Izard says that emotions are aroused by the becasue of events and Izard adds the varaible of facial expression for expressing it..
Ans 8 Option c) Emotions work when thalmus send message to brain in reponse to stimulus resulting from physiological reaction
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