b) Norepinephrine is usually thought of as ‘endogenous amphetamine’. Amphetamine

Question

b) Norepinephrine is usually thought of as ‘endogenous amphetamine’. Amphetamine often produces anxiety by exciting neurons! How is it possible that increasing norepinephrine in the amygdala actually decreases its activity (and thus decreases its anxiety)? Explain. (hint: think of receptor subtypes)

c) What is the significance of Kava blocking the re-uptake of nor-epinephrine and decreasing the activity of monoamine oxidase on it’s behavioral profile (i.e., the effects it has on anxiety or depression)? Briefly explain.

d) If you go online to look up the side effects of kava, you’ll find the following: Higher doses and long term use can lead to hypertension, shortness of breath, mild GI symptoms, enlarged pupils, and possible pulmonary hypertension. Assume that kava acts on the body in a similar way as it does in the brain. Please explain the side effects profile.

Explanation / Answer

As a hormone and neurotransmitter,norephinephrine plays. A key role in many mental disorders.

Norepinephrine is a chemical messenger that acts both as a stress hormone and a neurotransmitter. It is made in the brain, central nervous system and in the adrenal glands.

It helps us to think and act fast during emergency. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, directs blood flow away from skin and releases glucose into the bloodstream. Norepinephrine along with serotonin and dopamine belonging to a group of compunds known as monoamines regulates mood. Increase level of norepinephrine causes anxiety and fear.Low levels of norepinephrine influences us in the opposite way.

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