Follow this link and read the article. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/you-c

Question

Follow this link and read the article.

http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/you-cant-trust-what-you-read-about-nutrition/

You Can’t Trust What You Read About Nutrition (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

We found a link between cabbage and innie bellybuttons, but that doesn’t mean it’s real.

By Christie Aschwanden (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Jan 6, 2016 at 6:00 AM

QUESTIONS:

1.

“Our foray into nutrition science demonstrated that studies examining how foods influence health are inherently fraught. To show you why, we’re going to take you behind the scenes to see how these studies are done. The first thing you need to know is that nutrition researchers are studying an incredibly difficult problem, because, short of locking people in a room and carefully measuring out all their meals, it’s hard to know exactly what people eat. So nearly all nutrition studies rely on measures of food consumption that require people to remember and report what they ate. The most common of these are food diaries, recall surveys and the food frequency questionnaire, or FFQ.”

What is the issue being discussed? SELECT ONE

A. Construct Validity

B. External Validity

C. Statistical Validity

D. Internal Validity

2.

You can’t realistically observe everything someone eats (without locking them in a room…)
Therefore, researchers tend to ask participants to remember and report what they eat, this shows. SELECT ONE

A. poor face validity

B. poor procedure

C. poor method match

3.

“Another lesson from my short stint keeping a food diary is that the sheer act of keeping track can change what you eat. When I knew I had to write it down, I paid far greater attention to how much I ate, and that sometimes meant that I opted not to eat something because I felt too lazy to write it down or else realized, nah, I didn’t really want a second doughnut (or else didn’t want to admit to eating it).”

            This is an example of: SELECT ONE

A. Observer effect – the act of being observed changed the behavior being observed

B. Observer expectancy – she only saw what she expected to see

C. Observer bias – she was unable to accurately record her own behavior

D. Observer effect – the act of being observed changed the behavior being observed

4.

“Some questions — how often do you drink coffee? — were straightforward. Others confounded us. Take tomatoes. How often do I eat those in a six-month period? In September, when my garden is overflowing with them, I eat cherry tomatoes like a child devours candy. I might also eat two or three big purple Cherokees drizzled with balsamic and olive oil per day. But I can go November until July without eating a single fresh tomato. So how do I answer the question?

            "How often do you eat tomatoes in a six-month period?" is difficult to answer because SELECT ONE

A. it is not recent and specific

B. it has a strong social desirability response

C. it is not clear what counts as a tomato

5.

"Questions about serving sizes perplexed us all. In some cases, the survey provided weird but helpful guides — for example, it depicted what a half-cup, one cup or two cups of yogurt looked like with photographs of bowls filled with various amounts of wood chips. Other questions seemed absurd. “Who on this planet knows what a cup of salmon or two cups of ribs looks like?” Walt asked.”

            This is an example of SELECT ONE

A. deliberately misrepresenting your answers

B. behavior being influenced by observing it

C. not having access to the information

6.

“Although the questionnaire was meant simply to measure our food intake, at times it felt judgmental — did we take our milk full fat, low fat or fat free? I noticed that when I was offered three choices of serving sizes, my inclination was to pick the middle one, regardless of what my actual portion might be.”

            A response bias of avoidance of extremities is shown in her tendency to pick the middle answer when three options were given. How could we reduce this? SELECT ONE

A. Give 3 options, but reverse word (and reverse code) some of the phrases

B. Give 5 or 7 options, instead of 3

Explanation / Answer

1) statistical validity because it refers to whether drawing conclusions that are in agreement with statistical and scientific laws is done by a statistical study.

2) Poor face validity because it refers not to what the test actually claims to measure but to what it appears to measure superficially.

3) Observer effect - the act of being observed changed the behavior being observed. That means when an observer knows that they are being studied, they modify or change their behaviors.

4) It is not clear what counts as a tomato because there are various tomatoes in various seasons. Thus it is not a straight forward question.

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