NAME: Exam Two: Section Three The following essay contains several errors. Your
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NAME: Exam Two: Section Three The following essay contains several errors. Your task is to identify THREE of these errors and correct them by clearly indicating the reasons for their misuse, as well as providing a correction to the error should be long enough to demonstrate that you understand the correct concept Pokemon Go Stop Have you ever played a game that you could not stop? It can small electronic device seems to dominate your life. Psycho school of psychology with the earliest and most develop theory of leaming is the behaviorist school. There are two dominant models in learning theory: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was be frustrating for you and for those around you when a logy can help you understand this pattern of behavior. The developed using dogs as research subects. Ivan Pavlov worked with John Watson to develop an approach that explained leaming via association. Pavlov used the species-typical stimulus-response relationship between meat powder (US) and salivation to meat powder (UR) and paired it with a bel(NS) After repeatedly presenting the two stimuli US) together, the dog began to (without the US), Pavlov describe subjects, and it has helped us better explain behavior pattens. (NS+ salivate in response to the sound of the bell. When the bell alone could elicit the salivation d the bell as the CS. His research prompted others to do the same with human Video game addition is disruptive, and aspects of t can be explained via classical conditioning. Take the case of John as an example. John plays a game that requires him to swipe across rows of candy on his phone. He game at 11pm, just as he gets into bed. The bright light emitted by his phone prompts his nervous system to decrease melatonin producti ion and make his nervous system less sleepy. This relationship between bright light and increased alertness is unconditioned. It is then paired with the logo and images of the candy-crushing game. Over time, John begins to respond with an increased level of alertness when he plays the game. In this model, alertness to the game is the US, and alertness to the light is the CS. The end result is that John sleeps less than he should, and he has far fewer sweet' dreams. Consequences also impact our behavior. The first behaviorist model to address the role of consequences in leaming was Tolman's Law of Effect. Inspired by Darwin's work on adaptation, the Law of Effect states that behaviors that help an organism achieve its goals are strengthened. This theory was developed by evaluating the behavior of cats as they leamed how to escape from a cage (that he referred to as a puzzle box). This law influenced B.F. Skinner greatly, and it inspired him to begin studying the ways in which an organism operates on its environment. In Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, there are two ways to positively increase a behavior: positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. An example of this can be seen in the behavior of a dog being trained to bring a ball back to its owner. In this example, positive reinforcement could be used to reward the dog with a milk bone (after it retums the ball). This reinforcement could be given at a fixed interval schedule, which causes the most rapid increase in responding. It is also important to know that the best way to change behavior is to use reinforcement and punishment together. Consequences are built into the design of most video games. In a relatively new game, players are rewarded with 'balls each time they identify a location designated by the game's manufacturer. These balls are issued as positive reinforcers, and they are given at a variable rate. Players who are rewarded frequently at one location will often return to that location with the hopes that more 'balls' will be available. If they desire additional rewards, they may travel to locations similar to the initial location; this is an example of stimulus discrimination. This pattern of behavior is strong, and it demonstrates the low levels of extenal validity found in Skinner's work. So, the next time you see others looking for 'balls' or swiping candy, ask yourself if Skinner was right. Are we really like his 'soccer-playing pigeons'?Explanation / Answer
One really blatant error in the above assignment is the use of Tolman instead of thorndike for the law of Effect. Edward Thorndike was the one to propagate the Law of effect. Also, law of effect isn't necessarily attached to the achievement of goals, but any behavior that elicits a satisfying effect in a given situation.
Stimulus Discrimination is a concept that is used in Classical Condition and not in Operant Condition - that had been propagated by BF Skinner. Discrimination is when the CS can be differentiated from other stimulus that has not yet been paired with US.
Also, operant conditioning works on the principle of Feedback loop system, hence the video games are veritably based on that
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