enable you to: For this course, quizzes are in located in Module 2 and 6. They a
ID: 3444031 • Letter: E
Question
enable you to:
For this course, quizzes are in located in Module 2 and 6. They are due at the end of their respective modules. Each module is built on the topic discussed in the previous module. The quizzes are set up in a way to evaluate the knowledge gained in every module. Completing these quizzes within the module as they become available will allow you to assess your understanding of the weekly topics.
Each quiz response (not including the cover page or reference page) should be 500-750 words in length, and double spaced in 12- point Arial font. APAguidelines should be followed.
Please answer the following questions:
Identify the principal defining elements of the professions.
Which characteristics of the professions promote illegal conduct, and which attributes should inhibit it?
What do medical crime, legal crime, academic crime, and religious crime, as defined in this text, have in common, and how do they differ?
Which profession's crimes disturb you most, and why?
Is student white collar crime a relatively trivial problem, or a substantial one?
Compose your work in a .doc or .docx file type using a word processor (such as Microsoft Word, etc.) and save it frequently to your computer. For those assignments that are not written essays and require uploading images or PowerPoint slides, please follow uploading guidelines provided by your instructor.
Explanation / Answer
Modern criminology generally rejects a limitation of the term by reference, rather classifies the type of crime and the topic:
By the type of offense, e.g., property crime, economic crime, and other corporate crimes like environmental and health and safety law violations. Some crime is only possible because of the identity of the offender, e.g., transnational money laundering requires the participation of senior officers employed in banks. But the FBI has adopted the narrow approach, defining white-collar crime as "those illegal acts which are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence" (1989, 3). While the true extent and cost of white-collar crime are unknown, the FBI and the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners estimate the annual cost to the United States to fall between $300 and $660 billion.[3]
By the type of offender, e.g., by social class or high socioeconomic status, the occupation of positions of trust or profession, or academic qualification, researching the motivations for criminal behavior, e.g., greed or fear of loss of face if economic difficulties become obvious. Shover and Wright (2000) point to the essential neutrality of a crime as enacted in a statute. It almost inevitably describes conduct in the abstract, not by reference to the character of the persons performing it. Thus, the only way that one crime differs from another is in the backgrounds and characteristics of its perpetrators.
By organizational culture rather than the offender or offense which overlaps with organized crime. Appelbaum and Chambliss offer a twofold definition:[4]
Occupational crime which occurs when crimes are committed to promote personal interests, say, by altering records and overcharging, or by the cheating of clients by professionals.
Organizational or corporate crime which occurs when corporate executives commit criminal acts to benefit their company by overcharging or price fixing, false advertising, etc.
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