parameter statistic mple mean ine articlé 3.4 Read the following excerpts from t
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parameter statistic mple mean ine articlé 3.4 Read the following excerpts from the University of Michigan News Service onl Women need not lose sleep over menopause, U-M study says" (April 27 ANN ARBOR, Mich-Can't get a good night's sleep? Don't be quick to blame it on menopause Middle-aged women often complain that they sleep poorly, and both women and their care providers point to menopause as the cause. But University of Michigan rese Lukacs and Nancy Reame say it may be time to put that assumption to rest. In an article in the jusi released April issue of the Journal of Women's Health, Lukacs, an assistant research scientist at the U-M School of Nursing, under the direction of nursing professor Reame, tested the connection between the hormone estrogen and women's sleep quality. Her conclusion: Estrogen has blamed for a lot, but that doesn't seem to be what's at work here." archers Jane To separate aging effects from menopause, Lukacs and her collaborators studied a some of whom were using estrogen therapy. For example, she examined a 47-year-old woman regular cyeles for 12 months women aged 20-52, and compared them to age-matched women who had gone through menopause, still having regular menstrual cycles and compared her data to a 47-year-old woman who had not had They found total sleep time, time spent awake during the night, and efficiency of sleep time al were worse for older women than younger women, regardless of whether the older women were still having menstrual cycles and regardless of whether they used estrogen therapy. While young women around age 24 slept about seven hours (416.9 minutes), all women in their 40s, regardless of their estrogen levels or menopause status, got only about six to six-and-a-half hours of sleep (354.9-377.8 minutes). Further, although many women have taken hormone replacement drugs to try to help their sleep, Lukacs and Reame found that for women who were not having hot flashes, there was little difference in sleep between post-menopausal women who were or were not taking estrogen sup- plements "Our findings fail to support the popular view that estrogen plays an important role in sleep enhancement, the article states. "The use of an estrogen patch or gel for three months did not improve any objective measure of sleep architecture." Hospitals Women underwent a 24-hour blood sampling protocol to examine their hormone levels REM sleep and sleep disruption. The research team studied 51 women who participated in an overnight sleep challenge at U-M and wore electrodes for sleep monitoring from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. Researchers studied sleep stages The researchers noted that because this study involved an in-hospital, one-night sleep obser- vation, further research examining women's natural sleep patterns in their own homes over mul- tiple nights could give more insight into why women sleep poorly at midlife They added that in the future, researchers could build on their study and look for such vari ants as oxygen saturation to look for sleep apnea, leg musele movement during sleep, and pat terns associated with hot flashes, determined by monitoring skin temperature. Hormone replace ment therapy might diminish muscle movement during sleep and calm hot flashes, Lukacs said, which could account for some of the beliefs about estrogen improving sleep. (a) Is this an observational study or an experiment? (b) What are the explanatory and response variables? Hint The article states the researcher tested the connection between the hormone estrogen and women's sleep quality."This gives the general variables being linked. However, the article does go on to state some of the specific response variables that were compared. List some of these response variables Consider the following hypotheses, tested using a 5% significance level. (c) Ho: The use of an estrogen patch or gel for three months does not improve the total H: The use of an estrogen patch or gel for three months does improve the total sleep time on average sleep time on average. Based on the results stated in the article, give two possible values for the p-value of this test. (d) Consider the following sentence from the article: "For example, she examined a 47-year- old woman still having regular menstrual cycles and compared her data to a 47-year-oldExplanation / Answer
(a)
As, there was no treatment given to the subjects in the study, the study is an observational study.
(b)
Explanatory variables used in the study were Hormone Estrogen therapy, presence of Menstrual Cycle and Age
Response variables was Sleep quality which included total sleep time, time spent awake during the night and the efficiency of sleep time.
(c)
The conclusion of the study was that the use of an estrogen patch or gel for three months did not improve total sleep time.
So, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Hence, the p-value should be greater than significance level (0.05).
The two possible values can be 0.10 and 0.25. (It can be any value between 0.05 and 1).
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