Which of the following is most likely to be considered an ordinal variable? a. H

Question

Which of the following is most likely to be considered an ordinal variable?

a. Height in feet

b. Body Mass Index (BMI)

c. Education level

d. Annual income

QUESTION 2

Suppose the true value of a measurement is 276.6 cm. Which of the following represents the most positively biased, and imprecise group of measurements?

a. Out of 10 observations, 9 are 278 cm, and one is 279 cm.

b. Out of 20 observations, 5 are 268 cm, 5 are 259 cm, 5 are 248 cm, and 5 are 246 cm.

c. Out of 30 observations, 28 are 276.65 cm, 1 is 276.9 cm, and 1 is 277.0 cm.

d. Out of 20 observations, 5 are 281 cm, 5 are 286 cm, 5 are 291 cm, and 5 are 298 cm.

QUESTION 3

Typically there is an attempt to control for bias in the design phase of an experimental study. However, regardless of how strong a design may be, there is always the chance for random error, or error due completely to chance, to occur. Which of the following scenarios describes the most well designed experiment?

a. While collecting measurements from a graduated cylinder, a team leader has each of the 10 measurements recorded by a different individual in the lab.

b. An investigator intends to weigh each sample for their study, and uses 10 different scales at once, one for each sample.

c. An investigator needs to have an exact temperature for a specific reaction. He/she uses the “gold standard” thermometer, and checks the temperature twice before proceeding with the reaction.

QUESTION 4

Which of the following is least likely to be considered an ordinal variable during analysis?

a. Education level (Primary school, High school, Bachelor’s, Master’s, Phd/Md/Jd)

b. BMI category (Underweight, Normal, Overweight, Obese)

c. BMI (kg/m2)

d. Age divided into quartiles (<25th Percentile, 25-50th Percentile, 50-75th percentile, >75th percentile)

QUESTION 5

Which of the following is not a categorical variable?

a. Gender

b. Age divided into quartiles (<25th Percentile, 25-50th Percentile, 50-75th percentile, >75th percentile)

c. Diabetes Type II Status (Y/N)

d. Height in cm

QUESTION 6

Which of the following is not a main goal of biostatistics in research practice?

a. Improve the intellectual content of data reported from a trial/study.

b. Rely on statistical tests to assess validity of a study.

c. Report only those results which indicate influential observations.

d. Organize data into understandable forms.

QUESTION 7

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of terminology with its definition?

a. Variables are specific characteristics being measured

b. Values are units upon which measurements are made

c. Values are realized measurements

d. Observations are units upon which measurements are made

QUESTION 8

Which of the following concerning ordinal variables is false?

a. Ordinal variables rank observations into groups

b. Ordinal variables may not have a uniform distance in groups

c. Ordinal variables quantify differences between groups

d. Ordinal variables categorize by rank order

QUESTION 9

Which of the following best represents the highest potential for nonresponse bias in a sampling strategy?

a. Surveying a population on Sunday mornings for a new needs assessment

b. Submitting a post online advertising the need for participants in a new study

c. Asking people leaving a local election to take part in an exit poll

d. Posting a leaflet in the elevator of a university asking for students to take part in a study

QUESTION 10

Which of the following best represents the highest potential for undercoverage in a sampling strategy?

a. Standing outside a local library and asking passing pedestrians to take part in a community based survey on gun control laws

b. Advertising in the local print news media for participants to take part in a new drug study

c. Canvasing a community for a voter registration project Monday to Friday afternoons

QUESTION 11

Which of the following describes an experimental, placebo controlled study?

a. A non-inferiority clinical trial is organized to test the efficacy of a new drug intended to treat high cholesterol against the leading drug on the market

b. A clinical trial is organized to test a new chemotherapy on its ability to increase progression free survival (PGA) and is randomly offered to half of the participants, while the other half receive best standard care.

c. Epidemiologists are interested in the association between mold in homes and wheeze in young adults so they conduct an investigation looking at the exposure and outcome relationship

d. Researchers are interested in the causal relationship between periodontal disease and hypertension so they observe the results from 10 different studies looking at the relationship and compile the results into one report in a meta-analysis

QUESTION 12

Which type of study does not give a basis for the estimation of risk?

a. Case Series

b. Cased Control

c. Cohort

0.66 points   

QUESTION 13

Which type of study can provide the basis for estimations of prevalence, but not for incidence?

a. Case Series

b. Cross Sectional

c. Cohort

QUESTION 14

Which type of study often provides efficient evidence for risk estimation?

a. Case Series

b. Case Control

c. Cohort

QUESTION 15

Which type of study can be expensive and time consuming.

a. Case Series

b. Cased Control

c. Cohort

a. Height in feet

b. Body Mass Index (BMI)

c. Education level

d. Annual income

Explanation / Answer

1) c. Education level

2) d. Out of 20 observations, 5 are 281 cm, 5 are 286 cm, 5 are 291 cm, and 5 are 298 cm

4) c. BMI (kg/m2)

5) d. Height in cm

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