SPSS Name the appropriate test statistic to be performed for each (ie. chi-squar
ID: 3364030 • Letter: S
Question
SPSS
Name the appropriate test statistic to be performed for each (ie. chi-square, independent, correlation..)
Determine whether there is an association between BMI and overall depression, based on the respondents in the NHANES dataset.
Using the ‘LG Dataset,’ determine whether there is a relationship between Urbanicity (Q7) and whether either parent is employed.
Determine whether there is an association between health insurance status and self-reported health status, based on the data in the Health Interview Survey.
Using the Health Interview Survey, determine whether there is a difference in income ratio relative to poverty based on whether the individual is Hispanic or not.
Based on the data in the Homeless Persons dataset, determine whether there is a relationship between anxiety and paranoia within the homeless population.
Explanation / Answer
1. The chi-square test of independence is used to test for a statistically significant relationship between two categorical variables. This is also known as a chi-square test for association. The frequency of one nominal variable is compared with different values of the second nominal variable. The data can be displayed in an R*C contingency table, where R is the row and C is the column. For example, a researcher wants to examine the relationship between gender (male vs. female) and empathy (high vs. low). The chi-square test of independence can be used to examine this relationship. If the null hypothesis is accepted there would be no relationship between gender and empathy. If the null hypotheses is rejected the implication would be that there is a relationship between gender and empathy (e.g. females tend to score higher on empathy and males tend to score lower on empathy).
2. a) BMI and depression are directly related, b) BMI is directly affected by the physical activity and, c)depression is directly influenced by stress.The results indicate that higher BMI is associated with more severe form of depression. On the other hand, the more severe form of depression may result in less weight gain. However, the association between depression and BMI is gender dependent. In males, the higher BMI may result in a more severe form of depression while in females the relation may not be the same. Also, there was a negative relationship between physical activity and BMI.
Body mass index (BMI)
The self-reported measurements of height and weight to calculate the body mass index (BMI) which is an index of weight-to-squared height (kg /m2). In this analysis BMI has been used as a continuous variable as reported in the dataset.
Depression
Persistence of Major Depressive Episode is a continuous variable that identifies the longest period associated with a major depressive episode experienced by the respondent. We used this variable as the main proxy for depression.
Largely because of data availability, most of this evidence is based on the health experiences of blacks and whites, with much less evidence on the role of socioeconomic factors in understanding racial/ethnic disparities when Americans of Asian or Pacific Island descent, Hispanics, and Native Americans are part of the picture. The potential power of the socioeconomic status (SES) paradigm in understanding health disparities—including racial/ethnic disparities—is evident in the fact that socioeconomic differences in health outcomes have been widely documented for most health conditions in most countries. People who are poorer and who have less education are more likely to suffer from diseases, to experience loss of functioning, to be cognitively and physically impaired, and to experience higher mortality rates
To describe whether there is a relation between health insurance status and self-reported health status we are using a report of Farmworkers, Sonoma County, California, 2013–2014
Surveyed farmworkers were mostly male (91%) and Latino or Hispanic (95%), and 54% had an educational attainment of 8th grade or less. Most (81%) farmworkers reported their families earned less than $30,000 in 2012. After adjusting for age, 30% of farmworkers had US-based health insurance as compared with the 86% of Sonoma County adults in 2011–2012 (P < .001), and 15% of farmworkers reported ever being diagnosed with diabetes after adjusting for age as compared with 5% of Sonoma County adults (P = .002). After adjusting for age, 44% of farmworkers reported poor or fair health in general as compared with 13% of Sonoma County adults (P < .001).
Conclusion
We identified significant health disparities between Sonoma County farmworkers and Sonoma County adults overall. Additional research and new health policies are necessary to eliminate these health disparities and to facilitate farmworker access to the health care system
Estimates of the prevalence of mental disorders among people who are homeless vary considerably, and much depends on methodological differences among studies, although there is no doubt that such disorders are significantly more common among people who are or have been homeless than among those who have always been domiciled. So it is clear that there is a relationship between Homeless Persons having anxiety and paranoia.
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