6. The chi-square test for independence - 2x2 Aa Aa Individuals with strong reli
ID: 3320797 • Letter: 6
Question
6. The chi-square test for independence - 2x2 Aa Aa Individuals with strong religious beliefs often turn to their faith to cope with stressful life events. Relying on God's love and caring is referred to as positive religious coping Andrea Phelps and her colleagues studied the relationship between positive religious coping and the type of care received by terminally ill cancer patients. Most of the patients in the study were Christian. [Source: Phelps, A. et al., Religious coping and use of intensive life-prolonging care near death in patients with advanced cancer." Journal of the Amerian Medicl stin, 301(0o); 10-1147.) Suppose another researcher conducts a similar study but uses a sample of patients whose religious traditions are more varied than the patients in the Phelps study. He samples 200 terminally ill patients to see whether their practicing a religion is related to how likely they are to have a do-not-resuscitate order. The following table shows the results of the study. Observed Frequencies Do-Not-Resuscitate Order Practices a Religion Yes No No 19 61 Yes 65 Given these data, the most appropriate test to use to check whether there is a significant relationship between whether terminally ill patients practice a religion and whether they have a do-not-resuscitate order is a(n)Explanation / Answer
Result:
Chi square test
The smallest expected frequency must be atleast five.
The observations must be independent.
Expected Frequencies
Column variable
Row variable
yes
no
yes
50.4
33.6
no
69.6
46.4
Chi square statistic is 18.230
Chi square statistic has 1 degrees of freedom.
Critical value = 3.841
Chi square statistic greater than the critical value, the researcher reject the null hypothesis and concludes that there is convincing evidence of a significant relationship between whether terminally ill patients practice a religion and whether they have a do-not resuscitate order.
calculations
Chi-Square Test
Observed Frequencies
Column variable
Calculations
Row variable
yes
no
Total
fo-fe
yes
65
19
84
14.6
-14.6
no
55
61
116
-14.6
14.6
Total
120
80
200
Expected Frequencies
Column variable
Row variable
yes
no
Total
(fo-fe)^2/fe
yes
50.4
33.6
84
4.2294
6.3440
no
69.6
46.4
116
3.0626
4.5940
Total
120
80
200
Data
Level of Significance
0.05
Number of Rows
2
Number of Columns
2
Degrees of Freedom
1
Results
Critical Value
3.8415
Chi-Square Test Statistic
18.2300
p-Value
0.0000
Reject the null hypothesis
Expected Frequencies
Column variable
Row variable
yes
no
yes
50.4
33.6
no
69.6
46.4
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