2. In order to protect the safety of meat produced in the U.S, the Department of

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2. In order to protect the safety of meat produced in the U.S, the Department of Agriculture inspects all cattle at the slaughterhouse, just prior to slaughter. Inspectors look for man different signs of illness in the cattle, and record the occurrence of a number of different diseases. Animals that are found to have any of a long list of diseases, including cancers are condemned, and are not allowed to be used for human consumption. Data on the occurrence of these illnesses might be useful for a kind of animal epidemiology (epizoology). If it were found that there were associations between what the animals eat, drink or breathe and their risk of cancer, then these data might be useful as a kind of environmental monitoring system. Some basic data are provided in the graph below which shows the annual risks (per 100,000 animals) of different kinds of cancer in beef cows. The data for the period from 1979 through 1985 are missing. The graphs seem to indicate broad time trends in these risks, differing by type of cancer

Explanation / Answer

Please take the following table as reference numbers:-

#1 = Carcinoma

#2 = Epithelioma

#3 = Leuk, Lymphoma

#4 = Sarcoma

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According to the graphs (G) AND analysis results table (T),

#1: G shows VERY SLIGHT SUSTAINED-variations (mostly POSITIVE); T shows equivalent SMALL POSITIVE value for Slope (Beta1)

#2: G shows RAPID RISE with an OVERALL CONSTANT RISE; T shows equivalent BIG POSITIVE value for Slope (Beta1)

#3: G shows DECENT SUSTAINED-variations (RISE); T shows equivalent DECENTLY-BIG POSITIVE value for Slope (Beta1)

#4: G shows VERY SLIGHT SUSTAINED-variations (mostly NEGATIVE); T shows equivalent SMALL NEGATIVE value for Slope (Beta1)

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#1: For every 1,000 years gone by, there’s a very small increment in risk per 100,000 beef cows by 63 cows

p-value = 0.05 means statistically slightly significant result;

R-squared = 12% means VERY LOW explaining power of variable ‘Year’

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#2: For every 1,000 years gone by, there’s a big increment in risk per 100,000 beef cows by 1320 cows

p-value << 0.001 means statistically very significant result;

R-squared = 77% means HIGH explaining power of variable ‘Year’

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#3: For every 1,000 years gone by, there’s a decent increment in risk per 100,000 beef cows by 710 cows

p-value << 0.001 means statistically very significant result;

R-squared = 68% means DECENTLY HIGH explaining power of variable ‘Year’

——

#4: For every 1,000 years gone by, there’s a very small decrement in risk per 100,000 beef cows by 93 cows

p-value << 0.001 means statistically very significant result;

R-squared = 43% means LOW explaining power of variable ‘Year’

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c. Some of the limitations are as follows:-

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The #2 type of cancer (Epithelioma) has very strong evidence (p-value << 0.001 and R-squared = 77%) that there has been an increase in risk over the time period.

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2. In order to protect the safety of meat produced in the U.S., the Department o

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2. In order to protect the safety of meat produced in the U.S, the Department of

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