11. The objective of a study by Lee et al. (A-5) was to improve understanding of

Question

11. The objective of a study by Lee et al. (A-5) was to improve understanding of the biologic behavior of gastric epithelioid stromal tumors. They studied the clinical features, histologic findings, and DNA ploidy of a series of the tumors to identify factors that might distinguish between benign and malignant variants of these tumors and have relevance for prognosis. Fifty-five patients with tumors were classified on the basis of whether their tumors were high-grade malignant (grade 2), low-grade malignant (grade 1), or benign (grade 0). Among the data collected were the following: The Cox regression model output below compares Grade 2 vs. Grade 1. Interpret the regression coefficient (already exponential transformed) 11.091 as well as its p-value. Cox Proportional Hazards Model N* 15 Hazards Ratio p-value 95% CI 11.091 / p.004 (2.133, 57.661) GRADE2 vs 1 Concordance: 75.806% Cox & Snell pseudo R2; 48.019% (out of 95.156%) Proportional hazard assumption (Schoenfeld resid): p871 Files Plots Packages Help Build Git Viewer Zoom- Export- * g. Publish IC 100% 75% % survival@end events/total 50% GRADE-1 (50.000%; 4/9) GRADE-2 (0.000%; 6/6) v 25% 0% 2000 6000 8000

Explanation / Answer

we may infer with 95% confidence that the factors responsbile for tumors contibutes approximately 11.09 times, and at least 2.133 times,more for grade 2 as opposed to grade 1 tumor. The same is also evident in the survival curve which goes down steeply for grade 2

The p value is 0.004

this is a measure of statistical significance , if the p value is less than assumed alpha , say 0.05 , then we can say that the results are statistically significant.

Here as the p value 0.004 < 0.05(alpha) , hence we can reject the null hypothesis in favor of alternate hypothesis

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