PubH 6035 Epidemiology: Uncovering the Science of Public Health – Fall 2017 Modu

Question

PubH 6035 Epidemiology: Uncovering the Science of Public Health – Fall 2017

Module 2 Assignment: Descriptive Epidemiology Case Study

To complete the assignment, access the following resource:

Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Bishop K, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2014, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/, based on November 2016 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2017.

Find the link labeled “Browse the Tables and Figures” and click on it. You should now be at a webpage titled, “Browse the SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2014.” Now, find the information in the SEER Cancer Statistics Review to answer the following questions:

Note: All questions are worth 1 point unless otherwise marked.

Hint: Don’t forget to label your answers (for example, when reporting incidence rates the answer should not just be a number, but a number with a label --- not 12.68, but instead, 12.68 cases per 100,000 persons per year). Points will be deducted for missing labels.

Overview (Select “Overview” from the Section drop-down menu)

What was the total percent change in U.S. Mortality for females from lung and bronchus cancer between 1950-2014? (Table 1.4)

________________

What was the median age at death for men with prostate cancer between 2010-2014? (Table 1.14)

_______________

Annual Incidence Rates (Select the specific cancer site from the Section drop-down menu and then the appropriate table – don’t forget to click ‘submit’)

Find the 2014 annual incidence rates for pancreatic cancer.

What was the 2014 annual incidence rate for all races, both sexes?

_________________________

What was the 2014 annual incidence rate for males?

_________________________

What was the 2014 annual incidence rate for females?

_________________________

Describe each of these sex-specific rates for males and females in words by putting these data into a sentence (don’t forget the denominators!). Then, discuss how these two rates compare to each other (for example, which rate is higher? By how much?)

Find the 1975-2014 annual incidence rates for brain and other nervous system cancers.

What was the 1975-2014 annual incidence rate for males of all races?

_______________________

What was the 1975-2014 annual incidence rate for white males?__

_______________________

What was the 1975-2014 annual incidence rate for black males?

_______________________

Describe each of these race-specific rates for white males and black males in words by putting these data into a sentence (don’t forget the denominators!). Then, discuss how these two rates compare to each other (for example, which rate is higher? By how much?)

Which geographic areas provided data for the calculation of these rates? (3 points)

The rates in this table are age-adjusted, which means that the differences in rates seen between the populations are not due to age. Why is it important to adjust for the effects of age, particularly for cancer incidence and mortality? (5 points)

5-Year Relative and Period Survival (Select the specific cancer site from the Section drop-down menu and then the appropriate table)

Find the 5-Year relative survival (%) for 2007-2013 by age at diagnosis for mesothelioma (both sexes, all races).

What was the 5-year relative survival for:

i.Age <45? ___________

ii.Age 45-54?__________

iii.Age 55-64?__________

iv.Age 65-74?__________

v.Age 75+?____________

Describe in words these differences in 5-year relative survival by age at diagnosis:

(4 points)

c.Now look at these same age-specific statistics for males and females. Describe the similarities or differences you see in the 5-year relative survival by age. (4 points)

d.Is the information in the table enough by itself to draw conclusions as to why these sex-specific statistics are similar or different? Why or why not? (4 points; explanation needed for full credit)

Age-Adjusted Cancer Death Rates by State (Select the specific cancer site from the Section drop-down menu and then the appropriate table)

Find the age-adjusted cancer death rates by state for esophageal cancer (both sexes):

Which state has the highest age-adjusted death rate from esophageal cancer?

___________

Which state has the lowest age-adjusted death rate from esophageal cancer?

____________

Scroll down to the map of the United States showing the state-specific cancer death rates from esophageal cancer.

In which regions of the United States are the states with the highest cancer death rates generally located?

________________________________

In which regions of the United States are the states with the lowest cancer death rates generally located?

_________________________________

Based on the information provided by this map, how would you geographically target public health strategies to reduce the esophageal cancer death rate? What epidemiological evidence does the map provide that is useful? What information does it not provide? Note: Do not just name general prevention strategies. Instead, use the information on the map to inform your answer. Be sure to answer all three questions above. (5 points)

Explanation / Answer

- The total percent change in U.S. Mortality for females from lung and bronchus cancer between 1950-2014 was 507.4%.

- The median age at death for men with prostate cancer between 2010-2014 was 80.0 years.

- The 2014 annual incidence rate for pancreatic cancer for all races, both sexes was 12.5 cases per 100,000 persons per year.

- The 2014 annual incidence rate for pancreatic cancer for all races, for males was 14.2 cases per 100,000 persons per year.

- The 2014 annual incidence rate for pancreatic cancer for all races, for females was 11.1 cases per 100,000 persons per year.

- The 1975-2014 annual incidence rate for brain and other nervous system cancer for males of all races was 7.5 per 100,000 persons per year.

- The 1975-2014 annual incidence rate for brain and other nervous system cancer for white males was 8.3 per 100,000 persons per year.

- The 1975-2014 annual incidence rate for brain and other nervous system cancer for black males was 4.8 per 100,000 persons per year.

- The rate for brain and other nervous system cancer for white males is higher than that for black males by 3.5 per 100,000 persons per year.

- The following geographic areas provided data for the calculation of these rates: San Francisco, Connecticut, Detroit, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, Seattle, Utah, Atlanta, San Jose-Monterey, Los Angeles, Alaska Native Registry, Rural Georgia, California excluding SF/SJM/LA, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Jersey and Georgia excluding ATL/RG (Seer 18 areas).

- The rates in this table are age-adjusted, which means that the differences in rates seen between the populations are not due to age. It is important to adjust for the effects of age, particularly for cancer incidence and mortality, because natural mortality (due to aging) will contribute to deaths (along with cancer) of persons differently at different ages. For example, old people may be more likely to die of a particular cancer than young people.

- The 5-Year Relative Survival (%) for 2007-2013 for mesothelioma (both sexes, all races) was 9.1 %.

- The 5-Year Period Survival (%) for 2007-2013 for mesothelioma (both sexes, all races) for

i. Age <45 was 44.6 %.

ii. Age 45-54 was 21.0 %.

iii. Age 55-64 was 12.3 %.

iv. Age 65-74 was 8.1 %.

v. Age 75+ was 3.5 %.

In words: The survival rate of a person who is diagnosed of mesothelioma between the age 45-54 years was 21 %, whereas the survival rate of a person who is diagnosed of mesothelioma between the age 55-64 years was 12.3 % etc.

(c) The 5-Year Period Survival (%) for 2007-2013 for mesothelioma (for males, all races) for

i. Age <45 was 34.8 %.

ii. Age 45-54 was 17.3 %.

iii. Age 55-64 was 10.4 %.

iv. Age 65-74 was 6.6 %.

v. Age 75+ was 2.9 %.

- The 5-Year Period Survival (%) for 2007-2013 for mesothelioma (for females, all races) for

i. Age <45 was 54.1 %.

ii. Age 45-54 was 27.5 %.

iii. Age 55-64 was 17.6 %.

iv. Age 65-74 was 13.0 %.

v. Age 75+ was 5.2 %.

Clearly, the 5-Year Period Survival (%) for 2007-2013 for mesothelioma (all races) is significantly higher for females across age groups.

(d) The overall 5-year Period survival (%) for females is higher. Hence, age specific 5-Year Period survival (%) is also higher.

- Maine has the highest age-adjusted death rate from esophageal cancer at 5.65 %.

Hawaii has the lowest age-adjusted death rate from esophageal cancer at 2.96 %

The regions of the United States are the states with the highest esophageal cancer death rates generally located is the North East.

the regions of the United States are the states with the lowest esophageal cancer death rates generally located is South West.

Try to curb esophageal cancer more in the North East US.

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