Enable Edasing Activity 1: Study: Women get short of breath faster than men It i
ID: 3298396 • Letter: E
Question
Enable Edasing Activity 1: Study: Women get short of breath faster than men It is well established that, even after correction for differences in body height, women have smaller lungs, narrower airways and weaker respiratory musculature than age-matched men. Recently, a study' was conducted to determine how women compensate for these disparities when they exercise. A research study at McGill University compared 25 men to 25 women, all of which were habitually active, non-smoking, and non-obese people between the ages of 19 and 39 years. Each completed a maximum exercise test on a stationary bike. During this test, each participant rated their breathlessness on a scale of O to 10 while the researchers monitored the electrical activity level of the diaphragm using an electrode placed at the base of the esophagus by way of the nose. Not only did the women report greater shortness of breath, but their respiratory muscles were also working harder than the guys' were. Women, when compared to men, needed greater electrical activation of the diaphragm, in order to compensate for their biologically smaller lungs, airways and breathing muscles. 1. What are the cases? 2. When considering the variables 'biological sex' and 'breathlessness', which should be considered the explanatory and which should be considered the response? For each, decide if it is nominal, ordinal, discrete or continuous. 3. Is this a randomized experiment or an observational study? If it is a randomized experiment, decide if it is a randomized comparative experiment or a matched-pairs experiment. 4. Name at least one potential confounding factor in this study. 5. Can we claim cause and effect based on the results from the study? 6. To what population can we make inference based on this study?Explanation / Answer
(1) men and women are cases
(2) The response variable is the focus of a question in a study or experiment.An explanatory variable is any factor that can influence the response variable.
here bilogical sex is explanatory variable and breathlessness is ordinala variable.
biological sex is nominal variable and breathlessness is continuous variable.
A nominal variable is one that has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories. For example, gender is a categorical variable having two categories (male and female) and there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories.
An ordinal variable is a categorical variable for which the possible values are ordered. Ordinal variables can be considered “in between” categorical and quantitative variables. Example: Educational level, breathless (large, medium, small)
(3) In an observational study investigators observe subjects and measure variables of interest without assigning treatments to the subjects. The treatment that each subject receives is determined beyond the control of the investigator. For example, suppose we want to study the effect of smoking on lung capacity in women.
In the radomized experiments, cases are assigned to active or control group by chance - through randomization - in order to reduce errors or bias and to remark only the differences due to the treatment.
It is randomized comapritve experiment
A randomized comparative experiment is an experiment that compares the effect of two or more treatments and also randomly assigns subjects to the different treatments.
A matched pairs design is a special case of a randomized block design. It can be used when the experiment has only two treatment conditions; and subjects can be grouped into pairs, based on some blocking variable. Then, within each pair, subjects are randomly assigned to different treatments.
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