As shown in the figure on the right, the specific gravity (SG) of Fluid A is 4.0
ID: 3278678 • Letter: A
Question
As shown in the figure on the right, the specific gravity (SG) of Fluid A is 4.0, while the specific weight of fluid B is 8 kN/m^3. Please determine the absolute pressure, P_1, shown by a manometer, if the local atmosphere pressure is 735 mm Hg, with the density of Hg being 13, 550 kg/m^3. Please write a short statement (1 paragraph, 100-150 words) describing the application of thermodynamics in one household appliance (just one example) that you use daily at home. You need to explain the main function of this appliance, the type of fuel or the energy consumed, state if there is a conversion from one form of energy to another during operation of the appliance, and the main factors to be considered for purchase of this appliance.Explanation / Answer
Water heating is a thermodynamic process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.
Domestically, water is traditionally heated in vessels known as water heaters, kettles, cauldrons, pots, or coppers. These metal vessels that heat a batch of water do not produce a continual supply of heated water at a preset temperature. Rarely, hot water occurs naturally, usually from natural hot springs. The temperature varies with the consumption rate, becoming cooler as flow increases.
Appliances that provide a continual supply of hot water are called water heaters, hot water heaters, hot water tanks, boilers, heat exchangers, geysers, or calorifiers. These names depend on region, and whether they heat potable or non-potable water, are in domestic or industrial use, and their energy source. In domestic installations, potable water heated for uses other than space heating is also called domestic hot water (DHW).
Fossil fuels (natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil), or solid fuels are commonly used for heating water. These may be consumed directly or may produce electricity that, in turn, heats water. Electricity to heat water may also come from any other electrical source, such as nuclear power or renewable energy. Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and geothermal heating can also heat water, often in combination with backup systems powered by fossil fuels or electricity.
Densely populated urban areas of some countries provide district heating of hot water. This is especially the case in Scandinavia and Finland. District heating systems supply energy for water heating and space heating from waste heat from industries, power plants, incinerators, geothermal heating, and central solar heating. Actual heating of tap water is performed in heat exchangers at the consumers' premises. Generally the consumer has no in-building backup system, due to the expected high availability of district heating systems.
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