Question 1 (1 point) Which type of reinforcer depends upon learning? Question 1

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Question 1 (1 point)

Which type of reinforcer depends upon learning?

Question 1 options:

Primary reinforcer

Positive reinforcer

Negative reinforcer

Secondary reinforcer

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Question 2 (1 point)

Bartlett found that the parts of the stories created by people in his experiment were

Question 2 options:

often the very parts that they most adamantly claimed to have remembered.

the portion of the story that was most difficult to recall.

a. of little interest to him.

actually judged by Bartlett to be the easiest portion of the stories to recall.

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Question 3 (1 point)

________ reinforcement is most effective in conditioning a new response; afterward ________ reinforcement is best for maintaining the response.

Question 3 options:

Partial; continuous

Partial; partial

Continuous; continuous

Continuous; partial

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Question 4 (1 point)

Sarah constantly watches professional basketball games. Whenever she sees a new shot performed, she goes to her backyard hoop and tries it out. Her change in behaviour due to watching the games can best be explained as

Question 4 options:

operant learning.

latent learning.

modelling.

classical conditioning

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Question 5 (1 point)

The duration of sensory memory is

Question 5 options:

the same across all sense modalities.

equal for vision and hearing and different for the other senses.

longer for vision than for hearing.

longer for hearing than for vision.

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Question 6 (1 point)

If you perform an action and its consequence is positive reinforcement, your tendency to perform the same action again

Question 6 options:

remains unchanged.

decreases.

becomes cognitively associated with the original stimuli that triggered it.

increases.

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Question 7 (1 point)

Classical conditioning was most thoroughly researched by

Question 7 options:

John B. Watson.

Ivan Pavlov.

B.F. Skinner.

Albert Bandura.

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Question 8 (1 point)

Which behaviours are considered to be learned?

Question 8 options:

Those occurring as a result of illness

Those occurring as a result of maturation

Those occurring as a result of fatigue

Those occurring as a result of experience

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Question 9 (1 point)

Eyewitness testimony has been found to be

Question 9 options:

easily dismissed by jury members.

more accurate than the legal system assumes.

extremely accurate.

highly subject to error.

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Question 10 (1 point)

In his original studies with dogs, Pavlov concluded that the salivation response had been learned because

Question 10 options:

all behaviour is learned.

there was no other explanation.

dogs do not naturally salivate to musical tones.

dogs should have been calmed by the musical tones, not excited to the point of salivation.

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Question 11 (1 point)

Critics of therapists who help patients discover repressed memories of sexual abuse would agree with which of the following positions?

Question 11 options:

The patient is not responsible for proving that the abuse occurred.

The patient has obliged the therapist by generating false memories that she believes are real.

Because abuse is so common, anyone with even a few of the symptoms was most likely abused.

If the patient does not recall abuse yet has several symptoms, then the abuse happened.

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Question 12 (1 point)

Short-term memory usually codes information according to

Question 12 options:

episodes

visual images.

sound

meaning

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Question 13 (1 point)

Who conducted the first experimental studies on learning and memory in the late nineteenth century?

Question 13 options:

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Sigmund Freud

Wilhelm Wundt

William James

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Question 14 (1 point)

For years Sylvester the Cat has been fed canned tuna fish that has been opened with an electric can opener. Now Sylvester races into the kitchen every time he hears the can opener. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

Question 14 options:

Sylvester's owner

Running to the kitchen

The sound of the can opener

The tuna fish

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Question 15 (1 point)

Which of the following is analogous to converting and putting information into a computer in a form the computer can recognize?

Question 15 options:

Retrieval

Storage

Reminiscence

Encoding

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Question 16 (1 point)

A puff of air on the surface of your eye will make you blink reflexively. If you hear a buzzer repeatedly just before air is puffed into your eye, eventually you will blink as soon as you hear the buzzer. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the

Question 16 options:

eye-blink response to the puff of air.

buzzer.

eye-blink response to the buzzer.

puff of air.

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Question 17 (1 point)

Your ability to remember who attended your high school prom is an example of

Question 17 options:

nondeclarative memory.

episodic memory.

mnemonic memory.

semantic memory.

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Question 18 (1 point)

The subpart of long-term memory which is autobiographical in nature is __________ memory; the subpart which is like an encyclopedia or dictionary of stored knowledge is __________ memory.

Question 18 options:

episodic; semantic

semantic; episodic

declarative; semantic

nondeclarative; declarative

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Question 19 (1 point)

Children who have eidetic imagery

Question 19 options:

are often withdrawn and quiet.

usually retain their ability well into adulthood.

have a better long-term memory than other children.

can retain the image of a picture for several minutes.

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Question 20 (1 point)

Research by Watson and Rayner early in the last century suggested that human beings can sometimes acquire ________ through classical conditioning.

Question 20 options:

parental instincts

strong fears

intense disgust

new skills

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Question 21 (1 point)

How many different memory systems does the Atkinson and Shiffrin model propose?

Question 21 options:

Two

Three

Four

Five

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Question 22 (1 point)

__________ consists of motor skills, habits and simple classically conditioned responses.

Question 22 options:

Episodic memory

Semantic memory

Declarative memory

Non-declarative memory

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Question 23 (1 point)

Which of the following memories is linked to general knowledge not associated with specific times or contexts?

Question 23 options:

Nondeclarative memory

Semantic memory

Sensory memory

Episodic memory

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Question 24 (1 point)

Jane must introduce a senior manager at an important meeting. Jane does not wish to use notes for the brief set of comments she wants to make. She spends the evening before the meeting reading the comments over and over again, until she has them memorized. This process is called

Question 24 options:

rehearsal

over-reading.

edict imagery memory.

constant practice method.

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Question 25 (1 point)

Observational learning can be used for all of the following except

Question 25 options:

monitoring internal responses.

acquiring new responses.

hening existing responses.

weakening existing responses.

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Question 26 (1 point)

Birds' migration and salmon's spawning are not considered learned behaviours, because they

Question 26 options:

are not relatively permanent.

do not result from experience.

have not been reinforced.

are not always overt.

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Question 27 (1 point)

Answering a multiple-choice question such as this one is a

Question 27 options:

recall memory task.

savings memory task.

relearning memory task.

recognition memory task.

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Question 28 (1 point)

Procrastinators can help themselves by

Question 28 options:

waiting till the “right time” to begin a project.

not thinking about the problems caused by procrastination.

not keeping track of long they have been working on a project.

identifying the environmental cues that habitually interfere with getting work done.

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Question 29 (1 point)

The levels-of-processing model states that the ability to recall memories depends on

Question 29 options:

how deeply we have processed the information.

sensory memory detecting and holding the information.

whether or not the information was stored in short-term memory long enough to get into long-term memory.

the amount of rehearsal required to get information into long-term memory.

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Question 30 (1 point)

A pigeon is left overnight in a Skinner Box. The mechanism is set to give out a food pellet every five minutes, no matter what the animal does. In the morning the researcher finds the pigeon tucking its head under its wing and moving in a counter-clockwise circle. What has most likely happened?

Question 30 options:

Classical conditioning has shaped the bird's behaviour.

The bird has developed superstitious behaviour.

Spontaneous recovery has happened.

Sequential learning took place during the night.

Primary reinforcer

Positive reinforcer

Negative reinforcer

Secondary reinforcer

Explanation / Answer

Question 1 :

Answer Secondary reinforcer

Reason secondary reinforcer develops its reinforcing properties through its association with primary reinforcement.

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