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Doctoral Degrees. The U.S. National Science Foundation publishes data on doctora

ID: 3226060 • Letter: D

Question

Doctoral Degrees. The U.S. National Science Foundation publishes data on doctoral degrees conferred in the document Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards. The following joint probability distribution summarizes the doctoral degrees in conferred in the social sciences and psychology by gender during one year.

  Field

Gender

Social Science F1

Psychology F2

P (Gi)

Male G1

0.300

0.119

0.419

Female G2

0.282

0.298

0.581

P (Fj)

0.582

0.418

1.000

a. Find P (G1), P (F1), and P (G1 & F1).

b. Use the special multiplication rule to determine whether events G1 and F1 are independent.

Gender

Social Science F1

Psychology F2

P (Gi)

Male G1

0.300

0.119

0.419

Female G2

0.282

0.298

0.581

P (Fj)

0.582

0.418

1.000

Explanation / Answer

a) P(G1) = 0.419

P(F1) = 0.582

P(G1 and F1) = 0.3

b) P(G1) * P(F1) = 0.419 * 0.582 = 0.244

Since, P(G1 and F1) is not equal to P(G1) * P(F1) , both G1 and F1 are not independent events.

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