1.) Please produce an SPSS output for an independent-samples t-test comparing ma

Question

1.) Please produce an SPSS output for an independent-samples t-test comparing male and female scores on self-esteem. a.) What are the null and alternative hypotheses? b.) What is the value of Cohen’s d? Is it small, medium, or large? Use the following web site to calculate Cohen’s d: http://www.uccs.edu/~lbecker/ c.) Report the results in APA format. d.) What might be concluded from this hypothetical study (males vs. female self-esteem test)? In this conclusions, please consider possible limitations of the study as well as recommendations for future research.

Explanation / Answer

Solution:-
a)H0: There is no significant difference between male and female scores of self-esteem.
HA: There is a significant difference between male and female scores of self-esteem.

b)Cohen’s d results :0.15962307618605398, (small)

Effect Size (Cohen’s d, r) & Standard Deviation
Effect size will be a standard measure that can be calculated from any number of statistical outputs. In Cohen’s d . The values are calculated for size and are generally low, sharing the same range as standard deviation, the interpretation of data will depend upon the research question. The meaning of effect size varies by its context, but the standard interpretation offered by Cohen (1988) is:
.8 = large (8/10 of a standard deviation unit)
.5 = moderate (1/2 of a standard deviation)
d = -0.669, effect –size r = 0.317 {{yes}}

c) It might be concluded from this hypothetical study that female teachers tend to have higher self-esteem than male teachers. However, the exact reasons for this difference are not explored. One possible reason for males having lower self-esteem within the profession is that women, especially at the elementary level, typically dominate the teaching profession and teaching, by some, is considered a profession more suited for women.
One limitation of this study is that the measures are self-reported, meaning that the researcher is relying on the participants being accurately able to report on their own self- esteem and productivity. A person may over-emphasize their self-esteem or under-estimate. A participant may also want to appear to be a better teacher with high self-esteem and productivity and not accurately answer item questions in order to raise their scale scores. Another possible limitation is the actual scales used to measure self-esteem and productivity. These items may not have desirable reliability and validity for research use.
One suggestion for future research would include further exploring the reasons for lower self-esteem in male teachers. This might be accomplished through opened-ended surveys or interviews. Another suggestion would be to further explore the relationship between productivity and self-esteem, which could be accomplished through surveys and expanded with
open-ended .

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