Danielle Symons Downs and David Abwender (2002) evaluated soccer players and swi

Question

Danielle Symons Downs and David Abwender (2002) evaluated soccer players and swimmers to determine whether the routine blows to the head experienced by soccer players produced long-term neurological deficits. In the study, neurological tests were administered to mature soccer players and swimmers, and the results indicated significant differences [Downs, D. S., & Abwender, D. (2002). Neuropsychological impairment in soccer athletes. Joumal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 42, 103-107.] In a similar study, a researcher obtained the following data. Swimmers Soccer Players 10 13 12 Are the neurological test scores significantly lower for the soccer players than for the swimmers in the control group? Use a one-tailed test with o .05. se three decimal places for the critical value and estimated standard error, two otherwise. t Distribution Degrees of Freedom 21 1.0 2.0 3.0 Swimmers Soccer Pooled Estimated t Statistic SS SS Variance Standard Error Value Critical Values

Explanation / Answer

The t-value is 2.11652. The p-value is .028959. The result is significant at p < .05.

Null hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded tat soccer players have significantly lower scores.

Calculations attached below:

Treatment 1

N1: 8
df1 = N - 1 = 8 - 1 = 7
M1: 9
SS1: 44
s21 = SS1/(N - 1) = 44/(8-1) = 6.29


Treatment 2

N2: 5
df2 = N - 1 = 5 - 1 = 4
M2: 6
SS2: 24
s22 = SS2/(N - 1) = 24/(5-1) = 6


T-value Calculation

s2p = ((df1/(df1 + df2)) * s21) + ((df2/(df2+ df2)) * s22) = ((7/11) * 6.29) + ((4/11) * 6) = 6.18

s2M1 = s2p/N1 = 6.18/8 = 0.77
s2M2 = s2p/N2 = 6.18/5 = 1.24

t = (M1 - M2)/(s2M1 + s2M2) = 3/2.01 = 2.12

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