In what ways do advertisers in magazines use sexual imagery to appeal to youth?

Question

In what ways do advertisers in magazines use sexual imagery to appeal to youth? One study classified each of 1509 full-page or larger ads as "not sexual" or "sexual," according to the amount and style of the dress of the male or female model in the ad. The ads were also classified according to the target readership of the magazine. Here is the two-way table of counts.

(a) Summarize the data numerically and graphically. (Compute the conditional distribution of model dress for each audience. Round your answers to three decimal places.)

(b) Perform the significance test that compares the model dress for the three categories of magazine readership. Summarize the results of your test and give your conclusion. (Use = 0.01. Round your value for 2 to two decimal places, and round your P-value to four decimal places.)

Conclusion

Reject the null hypothesis. There is significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.

Reject the null hypothesis. There is not significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.    

Fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is not significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.

Fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.

(c) All of the ads were taken from the March, July, and November issues of six magazines in one year. Discuss this fact from the viewpoint of the validity of the significance test and the interpretation of the results.

This is not an SRS. This gives us reason to believe our conclusions might be suspect.

This is not an SRS. This gives us no reason to believe our conclusions are suspect.    

This is an SRS. This gives us reason to believe our conclusions might be suspect.

This is an SRS. This gives us no reason to believe our conclusions are suspect.

Magazine readership Model dress Women Men General interest Total Not sexual 343 508 256 1107 Sexual 220 87 95 402 Total 563 595 351 1509

Explanation / Answer

Given table data is as below

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calculation formula for E table matrix

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expected frequecies calculated by applying E - table matrix formulae

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calculate chisquare test statistic using given observed frequencies, calculated expected frequencies from above

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set up null vs alternative as
null, Ho: no association between target audience and model dress
alternative, H1: association between target audience and model dress
level of significance, = 0.05
from standard normal table, chi square value at right tailed, ^2 /2 =5.991
since our test is right tailed,reject Ho when ^2 o > 5.991
we use test statistic ^2 o = (Oi-Ei)^2/Ei
from the table , ^2 o = 88.562
critical value
the value of |^2 | at los 0.01 with d.f (r-1)(c-1)= ( 2 -1 ) * ( 3 - 1 ) = 1 * 2 = 2 is 9.21
we got | ^2| =88.562 & | ^2 | =9.21
make decision
hence value of | ^2 o | > | ^2 | and here we reject Ho
^2 p_value =0
ANSWERS
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null, Ho: no relation b/w X and Y OR X and Y are independent
alternative, H1: exists a relation b/w X and Y OR X and Y are dependent
test statistic: 88.562
critical value: 9.21
p-value:0
decision: reject Ho                              

Reject the null hypothesis. There is not significant evidence of an association
between target audience and model dress.

col1 col2 col3 row 1 343 508 256 1107 row 2 220 87 95 402 TOTALS 563 595 351 N = 1509

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