LABORATORY 21/ASSIGNMENT-KINGDOM PROT?STA (You may wish to make sketches on sepa
ID: 3166161 • Letter: L
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LABORATORY 21/ASSIGNMENT-KINGDOM PROT?STA (You may wish to make sketches on separate paper for use on the exam) I Introduction to Protists The fossil record indicates that protists first appeared about 2 billion years ago. Protists are a diverse group that include the animal-like protozoa; plant-like algae; and fungi-like organisms as well. Protists have eukaryotic cells. What does it mean to be "eukaryotic"? 1. 2. include: a.t -the plasma membrane formed inward folds that eventually formed the membranes of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus.. Many prokaryotes display membrane infolding even today b. Endosymbiosis , and were once free-living prokaryotes that came to live inside large prokaryotic cells; this relationship became permanent. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have prokaryotic characteristics such as ribosomes and even their own DNA there are also prokaryotic cells alive today that resemble mitochondria and chloroplasts. 3. Characteristics of Protists: Most protistans are, but some algae are multicellular and very large. They are (CIRCLE ONE: PROKARYOT?C / EuKAROTC), as stated above, and their cells often possess complex, highly specialized organelles. a. b. are autotrophic and carry out photosynthesis; are heterotrophic and must consume their food. Protists live wherever there is moisture-freshwater, marine environments, soil moisture or body fluids. c. NOTE: This is the most confusing kingdom when it comes to taxonomy. There is large-scale disagreement within the scientific community. The classification presented here is largely based upon the text, with some modification from other references.Explanation / Answer
1.1
Fossil record which indicated appearance of protists 2 billion years ago were those resemblimg ancient red algal species (rhodophytes).
2
Eukaryote essentially means presence of true nucleus, with nuclear membrance and DNA compacted into chromosomes. They may also exhibit the presence of specilaized organelles like chloroplast, mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, etc.
2.a: Infolding theory - Folding of the plasma membrane to form invaginations that eventually led to formation of organelles.
2.b: Anaerobic bacteria, and aerobic, photosynthetic bacteria.
The anaerobes engulfed the photosynthetic aerobes in order to survive in an oxygen rich environment. This eventually led to evolution of chloroplast and mitochondria.
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