Try to describe the carbohydrate catabolism staying what are those two general p

Question

Try to describe the carbohydrate catabolism staying what are those two general process is followed by microorganisms for carbohydrate catabolism ? Try to describe the bacterial growth curve. Chapter 5 1. Try to describe the Carbohydrate Catabolism stating WHAT are the two general processes followed by microorganisms for Carbohydrate Catabolism. HOW similar and diferent are those two processes based on oxygen requirements, complete or partial Glucose breakdown, and ATP yield (Hint Table 5.3.page 128) Stages of each of those two processes, explaining WHERE each reactant comes from and where each product goes (Hint: Figure 5.11 on page 120 of your textbook will help you). WHY Glucose is a highly energetic molecule for carbohydrate catabolism (Hint: reduced molecule) WHERE IN THE CELL each stage in particular takes place (for the electron transport chain in Cellular Respiration, explain WHICH location for eukaryotic and for bacteria) WHAT is Chemiosmosis, WHERE takes place and HOW relates to electron transport chain. Explain WHAT ROLES has NAD+ and 02 in Cellular respiration respectively. WHAT part of an enzyme are NAD+ or NADP+, and HOW Enzymes work, and HOW different FACTORS influence Enzymatic activity Chapter 6 2. Try to describe the Bacterial Growth Curve (Fig 6.15, page 106 of text book) stating WHAT are the phases, explaining each of them based on number of living/death cells metabolic activity, nutrients& waste products, and growth rate, WHAT is Generation time. WHAT is Culture Medium and WHICH SIX CRITERIA a culture medium must MEET WHEN we use either Selective media or Differential media. Explain and give examples of each type. and explain each briefly HOW a Chemically Defined Media is different from a Complex Media (both artificial media). Explain .WHY we perform Streak Plate Method. Explain WHAT it is and HOW it is done. HOW we Measure Microbial Growth Give the name of two Direct methods and two Indirect methods

Explanation / Answer

The two general processes followed are 1. glycolysis-> TCA cycle and 2. glycolysis-> fermentation.

The first process occurs under aerobic conditions while the second occurs under anaerobic conditions. The first process involves the complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 and H2O and yields about 36 ATP (net) molecules. The ATP molecules are synthesized in the electron transport system. The second process involves the partial breakdown of glucose. The product may vary depending on the microorganism like ethanol, butyric acid, propionic acid, lactic acid and so on. The net energy yield is about 2 ATP.

The process of glycolysis involves the conversion of glucose to pyruvate (aerobic) or lactate (anaerobic). The pyruvate molecule is converted to acetyl CoA while then enters the TCA cycle. Acetyl CoA also comes from the metabolism of proteins and lipids. In the fermentation process, pyruvate is converted to lactate or it may be converted to ethanol and CO2.

Steps for TCA:

Oxaloacetate (OAA) + Acetyl CoA-> Citrate -> Isocitrate -> alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) -> succinyl CoA -> Succinate -> Fumarate -> malate.

OAA, AKG can undergo amino acid metabolism; succinyl CoA may be used in the synthesis of heme or other fatty acid metabolisms.

Glucose and fructose are simple sugars. Glucose has a reducing end which helps for easy metabolism.

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