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Suppose we are interested in determining whether there is a relationship between

ID: 3149417 • Letter: S

Question

Suppose we are interested in determining whether there is a relationship between sex and whether a person feels safe going out into their neighborhood at night.

Using the cross-tabulation table and the chi-square test below, what do you conclude about the null hypothesis that these two variables are independent or not related?

HOW SAFE FEEL OUT ALONE AT NIGHT IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD * SEX Crosstabulation

SEX

Total

FEMALE

MALE

HOW SAFE FEEL OUT ALONE AT NIGHT IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD

VERY SAFE

Count

442

623

1065

% within SEX

37.9%

58.8%

47.8%

SOMEWHAT SAFE

Count

528

354

882

% within SEX

45.3%

33.4%

39.6%

NOT VERY SAFE

Count

108

57

165

% within SEX

9.3%

5.4%

7.4%

NOT AT ALL SAFE

Count

88

26

114

% within SEX

7.5%

2.5%

5.1%

Total

Count

1166

1060

2226

% within SEX

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Chi-Square Tests

Value

df

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

109.772a

3

.000

Likelihood Ratio

112.056

3

.000

Linear-by-Linear Association

101.689

1

.000

N of Valid Cases

2226

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 54.29.

HOW SAFE FEEL OUT ALONE AT NIGHT IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD * SEX Crosstabulation

SEX

Total

FEMALE

MALE

HOW SAFE FEEL OUT ALONE AT NIGHT IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD

VERY SAFE

Count

442

623

1065

% within SEX

37.9%

58.8%

47.8%

SOMEWHAT SAFE

Count

528

354

882

% within SEX

45.3%

33.4%

39.6%

NOT VERY SAFE

Count

108

57

165

% within SEX

9.3%

5.4%

7.4%

NOT AT ALL SAFE

Count

88

26

114

% within SEX

7.5%

2.5%

5.1%

Total

Count

1166

1060

2226

% within SEX

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Explanation / Answer

Preceding cross tabulation table indicates there is association among the variables, as with change in gender (female to male), the idea of feeling safe alone at night in neighbourhood changes with male feeling 'Very safe' with 58.8%. Now compute maximum difference for each row.

Very safe: (58.8-37.9)%=20.9%, Somewhat safe: 11.9%, Not very safe: 5.4%, Not at all safe: 5%. All percentages of maximum difference is within 30, this indicates a moderate strength of relationship among the variables.

The p value corresponding to Chi-square test statistic is too low, therefore, variables are associated.

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