following excerpts from the University of Michigan News Service online artic men
ID: 3124566 • Letter: F
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following excerpts from the University of Michigan News Service online artic men need not lose sleep over menopause, U-M study says" (April 27, 2004). ANN ARBOR. Mich-Can't get a good night's sleep? Don't be quick to blame it on menopause. "Wo nd their health Middle-aged women often complain that they sleep poorly, and both women a care providers point to menopause as the cause. But University of Michigan researchers Jane Lukacs and Nancy Reame say it may be time to put that assumption released April issue of the Journal of Women's H to rest. In an article in the just- ealth, Lukacs, an assistant research scientist at the U-M School of Nursing, under the direction of nursing professor Reame, tested the connection between the hormone estrogen and women's sleep quality. Her conclusion: "Estrogen has been blamed for a lot, but that doesn't seem to be what's at work here." To separate aging effects from menopause, Lukacs and her collaborators studied a group of women aged 20-52, and compared them to age-matched women who had gone through menopause, some of whom were using estrogen therapy. For example, she examined a 47-year-old woman stil having regular menstrual cycles and compared her data to a 47-year-old woman who had not had regular cycles for 12 months They found total sleep time, time spent awake during the night, and efficiency of sleep time al were worse for older women than younger women, regardless of whether the older women were still having menstrual cycles and regardless of whether they used estrogen therapy. While young women around age 24 slept about seven hours (416.9 minutes), all women in their 40s, regardless of their estrogen levels or menopause status, got only about six to six-and-a-half hours of sleep (354.9-377.8 minutes). Further, although many women have taken hormone replacement drugs to try to help their sleep, Lukacs and Reame found that for women who were not having hot flashes, there was little difference in sleep between post-menopausal women who were or were not taking estrogen sup- plements "Our findings fail to support the popular view that estrogen plays an important role in sleep enhancement," the article states. "The use of an estrogen patch or gel for three months did not improve any objective measure of sleep architecture The research team studied 51 women who participated in an overnight sleep challenge at U-M Hospitals Women underwent a 24-hour blood sampling protocol to examine their hormone levels and wore electrodes for sleep monitoring from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. Researchers studied sleep stages REM sleep and sleep disruption The researchers noted that because this study involved an in-hospital, one-night sleep obser vation, further research examining women's natural sleep patterns in their own homes over mul tiple nights could give more insight into why women sleep poorly at midlife They added that in the future, researchers could build on their study and look for such vari ants as oxygen saturation to look for sleep apnea, leg muscle movement during sleep, and pat terns associated with hot flashes, determined by monitoring skin temperature. Hormone replace- ment therapy might diminish muscle movement during sleep and calm hot flashes, Lukacs said which could account for some of the beliefs about estrogen improving sleep. (a) Is this an observational study or an experiment? (b) What are the explanatory and response variables? Hint: The article states the research tested the connection between the hormone estrogen and women's sleep quality."T gives the general variables being linked. However, the article does go on to state so of the specific response variables that were compared. List some of these res variables Consider the following hypotheses, tested using a 5% significance level List some of these respor : The use of an estrogen patch or gel for three months does not improve the to sleep time on average. Hi: The use af nExplanation / Answer
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