5. Use the information in the table below to answer the fellowing questions: (a)

Question

5. Use the information in the table below to answer the fellowing questions: (a) How do each of the following strategies coetribate to the viralence of the pathogen? Opes) Pathogen Strategy Changs i cell alfer hsenesinia peth Uses urea to produce ammonia Helicobactor pylori Causes host to make more receptors Rhinovirs (b) What disease does cach organism causc? Opts) 6. Use the information describe below to answer the following questions: a) Explain whether each of the following examples is a food infection b) What is the probable etiological agent in each case? (2pts) c) In which scenario could an infected person transmit the condition or intoxication (2pts) to another person? Explain (2pt) Seenario 1: Eighty-two people who ate shrimp in Louisiana developed diarrhea, nausea, headache, and fever from 4 hours to 2 days after eating it. Scenario 2: Two people in Vermont who ate barracuda caught in Florida developed malaise, nausea, blurred vision, breathing difficulty, and numbness 3 to 6 hours after eating. Cancer peaticants undergoing drug that inhibited cell division was resistant to Salmonella Provide a possible mechanism for this resistance chemotherapy are normaly more susceptible to infections. However, a patient receiving an antitumor

Explanation / Answer

5. a. Y. pestis changes its cell wall after host entry which plays a significant role in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, complement, and other defence systems of the host organism; thus, it can be considered as one of the pathogenicity factors of Gram-negative bacteria.

H. pylori survives in acidic conditions by producing urease, which catalyzes hydrolysis of urea to yield ammonia thus H. pylori neutralizes the acid in its environment by producing large amounts of urease, which breaks down the urea present in the stomach to carbon dioxide and ammonia.

The primary route of entry for human rhinoviruses is the upper respiratory tract that is mouth and nose. Rhinovirus bind to receptors on respiratory epithelial cells to mediate cellular entry. As the virus replicates and spreads, infected cells release distress signals known as chemokines and cytokines which in turn activate inflammatory mediators. In this way, cell lysis occurs at the upper respiratory epithelium.  

b. Y. pestis is the causative agent of bubonic plague

Helicobacter pylori causes ulcer in stomach.

Rhinovirus is the cause of the common cold

6. a. Scenario I Intoxication-An intoxication results when a person eats food containing toxins that cause illness. Toxins are produced by harmful microorganisms, the result of a chemical contamination, or are naturally part of a plant or seafood (THE SHRIMP).

Scenario II Infection-Foodborne infection is caused by the ingestion of food containing live bacteria which grow and establish themselves in the human intestinal tract.

b. Scenario I Some bacteria cause an intoxication. Viruses and parasites do not cause foodborne intoxication. Probably etiological agent- vibrio spp. -V. parahaemolyticus (prefer warm coastal areas)

Scenario II Ciguatera is a foodborne illness caused by eating certain reef fish whose flesh is contaminated with a toxin made by dinoflagellates such as Gambierdiscus toxicus which live in tropical and subtropical waters.

c.  

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