30. Most vaccines in use today work by inducing humoral immunity. This is so bec

Question

30. Most vaccines in use today work by inducing humoral immunity. This is so because Antibodies are the only immune mechanism that prevents infections, by neutralizing and clearing microbes before they gain their foothold in the host Several boosters are given to the immunized person to that high titers are achieved Extracellular bacteria are the most prevalent microbial infections found in the clinic today Antibodies are longer lived that any T cell subset from the adaptive immune system a. b. c. d. 31. Vaccines are effective if The infectious agent establishes latency in its host The infectious agent undergoes substantial antigenic variation a. The infectious agent does not interfere with the host immune response All of the above c. b. d. Which of the following is NOT an established or approved vaccine approac a. Live attenuated or killed bacteria vaccine:s b. Live attenuated or killed virus vaccines 32. h? DNA-based vaccines Bacterial vector vaccines c. d. al vaccines often induce long-lasting specific immunity, so immunization of children is sufficient for lifelong protection. However, the followin individuals a. Viral vector vaccines b. Live attenuated viral vaccines g type of viral vaccination approach may cause infection in immune-compromised Synthetic viral vaccines Conjugate vaccines c. d. 34. Transfer of specific antibodies can also confer protective immunity. This type of immunity is known as: a. Active immunity b. Passive immunity Externally acquired immunity Adoptive transfer c. d. 35. In transplantation immunology the term "transfusion" generally refers to: a. b. c. d. The infusion of HLA matched leukocytes into an allogeneic recipient The transfer of circulating blood cells or plasma from one individual to another The transfer of short-lived red blood cells (RBCs) None of the above 36. is the process of taking cells, tissues, or organs, calleda from one individual and placing them into a (usually) different individual. a. Transfusion; blood unit b. Extirpation; graft c. Transplantation; graft d. Anastomoses; inoculum Transplantation of cells or tissues from one individual to a genetically non-identical individual invariably leads to a. b. 37. Surgical failure of the graft Long-life tolerance to the graft Immune-mediated rejection of the graft Necrosis of the grafted tissue c. d. Not ALL self-reactive T cells are eliminated during development. Which of the following is true concerning some CD4 cell populations that are capable of "seeing" self antigen in the thymus? a. Are not deleted but instead differentiate into regulatory T cells specific for these antiger b. Are forced to revert to a less mature stage and undergo commitment to the CD8 T lineage c. Move into the bone marrow where they assist in B cell poiesis d. None of the above

Explanation / Answer

30) a.) Antibodies are the only immune mechanism that prevents infections, by neutralizing and clearing microbes before they gain their foothold in the host.

The humoral branch of the immune system is at work in the interaction of B cells with antigen and their subsequent proliferation and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Antibody functions as the effector of the humoral response by binding to antigen and neutralizing it or facilitating its elimination. When an antigen is coated with antibody, it can be eliminated in several ways. For example, an antibody can cross-link several antigens, forming clusters that are more readily ingested by phagocytic cells. Binding of the antibody to an antigen on a microorganism can also activate the complement system, resulting in lysis of the foreign organism. The antibody can also neutralize toxins or viral particles by coating them, which prevents them from binding to host cells
31)d.) All of the above.

Vaccines are useful if the infectious agent establishes latency in its host, the infectious agent undergoes substantial antigenic variation and also when the infectious agent does not interfere with the host immune response.

32) c.)DNA-based vaccines.
DNA-based vaccines are very new and yet in the development stages, so it's not an established or approved approach.

33) b.) Live attenuated viral vaccines
Viral vaccines often induce long-lasting immunity, so immunization is sufficient for lifelong protection. However, the following type of viral vaccination approach may cause infection in immune-compromised individuals, for example, a)Influenza vaccine is unlikely to be of benefit in individuals who are receiving intensive chemotherapy or who have received anti-B-cell antibodies in the preceding six months.b) Inactivated vaccines should be administered at least two weeks before immunosuppression is initiated.
34) b.)Passive immunity
Transfer of specific antibodies can also confer protective immunity. This type of immunity is known as Passive immunity Example: Injection of immune serum(gamma globulin)

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