71 1 1 111 111 111 11111????????????????) 8- Why Diabetes mellitus Type I is rel

Question

71 1 1 111 111 111 11111????????????????) 8- Why Diabetes mellitus Type I is related to ketoacidosis? How this complication is produced and what are the metabolic consequences? 9 What is the main important hormone released when dehydration is produced? And WHY? 10. What is Chvostek sign? What is Trousseau sign? Why are they produced? 11 What is the contribution of FSH over the endometrium? 12-What are the consequences for a woman if oxytoo 13.-What are the acute and urgent metabolic consequences i para is also done? Thank you

Explanation / Answer

Ans 8 Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state in which your body metabolises fat to form energy. The by-product of this metabolism is the generation of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are acidic in molecules, accumulation of these in the bloodstream causes a fall in pH of the blood, making it acidic, hence the name ketoacidosis.

This occurs Type I diabetes mellitus since the body is unable to produce insulin, the cell can't take up the sugar in the bloodstream and thus can't metabolise glucose. Fat is the next source of energy and hence the cell takes to metabolising fat.

The metabolic consequences are plenty and can be detrimental. The change in blood pH shall affect the oxygen dissociation curve, i.e rate of uptake and release of oxygen. the homeostasis of the blood shall be overthrown. This is usually accompanied by high blood sugar levels, which in of itself is a major problem.

In severe cases, Ketoacidosis leads to nausea, vomiting, cerebral edema (fluid build up in the brain), coma and eventually death.

Note: Ketoacidosis is a medical emergency and is different from ketosis, which is a healthy metabolic adaption. ketosis occurs when our body burns up sugar and utilizes fat until glucose is ingested.

Ans 9 - The main hormone released during Dehydration is Antidiuretic hormone, which is secreted by the pituitary gland. ADH is responsible for vasoconstriction. In the Glomerulus of the nephron, the amount of blood that is filtered per second, is directly proportional to the volume of blood flowing through the glomerulus.

ADH affects the degree of permeability of the DCT And the collecting tubules to water and salt. It also increases the flow of water.

When secreted it, increases the permeability, therefore allowing for a higher amount of water to be reabsorbed and cause the urine to be concentrated.

Ans 10 Chvostek sign - When the facial nerve of the patient is stimulated, it responds with a twitch. This is an early sign of hypocalcemia.

Trousseau sign- The patient's hand is cuffed with the sphygmomanometer cuff and the pressure is increased to one that is higher than the patient's systolic pressure. This is held for 3 minutes. In the absence of blood flow, the patient's hypocalcemia and subsequent neuromuscular irritability will induce spasms of the muscles of the hand. The wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints flex, the DIPand PIP joints extend, and the fingers adduct.

The low levels of calcium in the blood can be caused by a host of medical conditions like hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D.

Calcium is an important ion that is involved in muscle contraction. A disruption in these levels will lead to abnormal muscle responses like tetany, hyperreflexia and the conditions mentioned above.

Ans 11 The follicle stimulating hormone is responsible for the proliferation and thickening of the endometrial lining. It preps the endometrium for the implantation of the ovum.

Ans 12 I'm assuming you are referring to the consequences faced by a woman in labour. Oxytocin is involved in the foetal ejection reflex. during labour, the levels of oxytocin keep rising resulting in uterine contractions which further increase the oxytocin levels in the blood creating a positive feedback loop. Without oxytocin there would be no contractions and thus the baby would either have to delivered via a C-section or it would die in the womb.

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