lOupu ul Ulgaie bitlogical macromolecules Chapter 4: Part I: Know the name of th

Question

lOupu ul Ulgaie bitlogical macromolecules Chapter 4: Part I: Know the name of the process by which bacteria reproduce Know the cell parts prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common Know why gram negative infections are more difficult to treat than gram positive Know the following bacterial cell parts and their functions: flagella, sex pili, glycocalyx (capsule/slime layer), endospores, ribosomes, plasma membrane .Know the major similarities and differences between gram negative and gram positive cell walls Know the names of the two major groups of Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) Part II: .Know the function of the following Eukaryotic cell parts: cilia, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ER, nucleus, nucleolus, chloroplast, Golgi body, lysosomes, ribosomes, vacuoles, cytosol, cytoskeleton Know the names of the four groups of Eukaryotic microbes (Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths) . Part III: .Know the similarities and differences between diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport .Know the fate of cells with or without cell walls in various "tonic" solutions (hypertonic, hypotonic, etc.) There is a very helpful diagram in your notes

Explanation / Answer

PART 1

SEX PILI :It is a thin hair like extension seen temporarily in many bacteria. It helps in the process of bacterial conjugation(sexual) to pass DNA fragment from donor to recipient bacteria.

GLYCOCALYX : It is the pericellular membrane and about 200 nm of thickness. It contaians carbohydrate moeities , glyco lipds and glycoproteins. It functions in cell to cell identification, communication and adhesion.

ENDOSPORES : These are the inactive stages of bacteria fomed within the cell wall as a protective layer. It is very protective and impermeable to many substances. They help bacteria to pass on the unfavourable conditions.

RIBOSOMES : They are small granule like structures found in cytoplasm and made of ribosomal RNA and proteins. Includes two sub units 50S and 30S. They in translating mRNA for protein synthesis by joining the specific amino acids.

PLASMA MEMBRANE : It is the protective outer cover for cytoplasm. It lies within the cell wall and made of phospho lipid bilayer. It functions in transport of material into and out the cell, as physical barrier from external surroundings and site for energy production.

BACTERIA : Coccus(Staph aureus,S.capitis) Bacillus(Lactobacillus,Bacillus anthracis) Apirillus(Traponema pallidum,Burrelia pareni) ARCHEA:Crenarchaeta(Pyeobolus fumari,Acidinus hospitalis Eueyarchaeta(Haloferx vocanii,Netrialba magadii) Methanogen(Methanocaeta concilii,M.mazei)

PART II. Cillia : Help in locomotion and food collection. Cytoplasm : It provides fluid medium for organelles, store variuos enzymes for metabolic reactions. Mitochndrion: It is the site of oxidation sugars, proteins and fatty acids and thus provides energy to the cell. Endoplasmic reticulum: It aids in intracellular transport and synthesis of lipids and proteins. Nucleus : Controls activities of the cell. Takes up the proces of DNA transcripton, plays major role in cell division and pass genetic matter to off spring.

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