How do hydrothermal vent organisms adapt to toxic fluids such as sulfide in vent

Question

How do hydrothermal vent organisms adapt to toxic fluids such as sulfide in vent fluids?

Select one:

a. They remove toxic chemicals via their filter system

b. They live far away from the vent fluids where the sulfide concentration is low

c. They host symbiotic bacteria/archaea that utilize sulfide as an energy source

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After sediments and rocks, what is the next largest reservoir of carbon on Earth?

Select one:

a. petroleum

b. ocean

c. vegetation

d. atmosphere

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Which of these describes a measurement of wave frequency?

Select one:

a. number of waves passing a stationary point in one minute

b. the amount of time between wave crests

c. the distance between wave crests

d. 1.25 times the square root of wavelength

e. the wavelength divided by wave speed

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Generally the fastest and deepest ocean currents are:

Select one:

a. northern boundary currents

b. eastern boundary currents

c. western boundary currents

d. southern boundary currents

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What is the period of a wave that is 200 m long and moving at 10 m/s?

Select one:

a. 20 seconds

b. 0.05 seconds

c. 5 seconds

d. 2000 seconds

e. It depends on the water depth.

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The average pH of the ocean is 8.1, and pure water has a pH of 7.0. What is the ratio of H+ ion concentration between seawater and pure water?

Select one:

a. 0.08%

b. 114%

c. 8%

d. 88.5%

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The seismic waves produced by earthquakes:

Select one:

a. only travel through the lithosphere

b. bend and change speed where density changes

c. only travel through liquid

d. have no scientific value

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What is the correct order of the Earth's interior layers (from the center to the surface)?

Select one:

a. Inner core, Outer core, Asthenosphere, Lithosphere, Mantle

b. Inner core, Outer core, Crust, Mantle

c. Inner core, Outer core, Mantle, Crust

d. Inner core, Outer core, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mantle

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Sulfate aerosols in the upper atmosphere increase Earth's albedo and have a cooling effect on climate.

Select one:

a. True

b. False

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How long does it take water to complete one loop of the thermohaline circulation?

Select one:

a. 1000 years

b. 1 year

c. 10 years

d. 1 million years

e. 100 years

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A 200-m wind wave in water that is 75 m deep is an example of:

Select one:

a. a shallow water wave

b. a deep water wave

c. a transitional wave

d. none of the above

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The cause of the Coriolis force is the fact that:

Select one:

a. the tropics are warmer than the poles

b. Earth's rotation axis is tilted

c. different latitudes on Earth rotate at different speeds

d. the atmosphere convects

e. Earth revolves around the sun

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Near the coast of California, upwelling is mainly caused by

Select one:

a. El Nino

b. La Nina

c. Wind

d. Temperature

e. Density gradient

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Which of the following statements about tsunamis is NOT true?

Select one:

a. Passive margins are safe from tsunamis.

b. A single tsunami can have multiple wave crests 15 minutes apart.

c. Tsunamis are shallow water waves.

d. Tsunamis can travel 700 km/hr.

e. Tsunamis can have wavelengths of 200 km.

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The tar found on Santa Barbara beaches today comes from:

Select one:

a. the 1969 oil spill

b. natural oil seeps

c. pollution from current drilling activities

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If a storm forms out at sea and slowly moves toward land, which statement best describes the arrival of waves on the beach?

Select one:

a. Short wavelengths arrive first, followed by longer wavelengths.

b. All wavelengths arrive at the same time that the storm reaches land.

c. All wavelengths arrive at the same time before the storm.

d. Long wavelengths arrive first, followed by shorter wavelengths.

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If 1000 GtC are stored in living organisms (the “biosphere”) and the flux of carbon into the biosphere is 100 GtC per year, what is the residence time of carbon in the biosphere? Assume that the biosphere is in steady state.

Select one:

a. 0.1 yr

b. 1 yr

c. 10 yr

d. 100 yr

e. 900 yr

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Marine terraces are formed when:

Select one:

a. landslides cause slumping of large sections of coast

b. earthquakes occur on fault lines parallel to the coast

c. the continental slope is exposed above sea level

d. tectonic uplift raises former coastlines above sea level

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Calcareous oozes are rare in deep sea sediments because:

Select one:

a. The organisms producing shells do not live in the deep sea

b. Abundant mud and clays cover the calcareous shells in the deep sea

c. Calcareous shells readily dissolve in deep water

d. The organisms producing calcareous shells do not live beyond the continental shelf

Question 20

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The two most common limiting factors in the ocean are:

Select one:

a. oxygen and nutrients

b. light and nutrients

c. temperature and oxygen

d. carbon and oxygen

e. light and temperature

Explanation / Answer

(1) C. They host symbiotic bacteria/archaea that utilize sulfide as an energy source.
Explanation - Three hyperthermophilic vent archaea, the sulfur-reducing heterotrophs Thermococcus fumicolansand Pyrococcus strain GB-D and the chemolithoautotrophic methanogen Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, were tested for survival tolerance to heavy metals (Zn, Co, and Cu) and sulfide. The sulfide addition consistently ameliorated the high toxicity of free metal cations by the formation of dissolved metal-sulfide complexes as well as solid precipitates. Thus, chemical speciation of heavy metals with sulfide allows hydrothermal vent archaea to tolerate otherwise toxic metal concentrations in their natural environment.

2. (b) Ocean

Explanation - There are four major reservoirs, of carbon on Earth: 1) in rocks (this includes fossil fuels), 2) dissolved in ocean water, 3) as plants, sticks, animals, and soil, and 4) as a climate-warming gas in the atmosphere.

3. (a) Number of waves passing a stationary point in one minute.

Explanation - Its measured number of wave peaks passing a fixed point in a given time. Measured in Hertz which is equal to one cycle/second.

4. (C) Western Boundary

Explanation - Western boundary currents are warm, deep, narrow, and fast flowing currents that form on the west side of ocean basins due to western intensification. They carry warm water from the tropics poleward. Examples include the Gulf Stream, the Agulhas Current, and the Kuroshio.

(7) (b) bend and change speed where density changes.

(8) (c) Inner core, Outer core, Mantle, Crust is correct order of sequence.

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