It the? 1980s, it was generally believed that congenital abnormalities affected

Question

It the? 1980s, it was generally believed that congenital abnormalities affected about 8?% of a large? nation's children. Some people believe that the increase in the number of chemicals in the environment has led to an increase in the incidence of abnormalities. A recent study examined 414 randomly selected children and found that 40 of them showed signs of an abnormality. Is this strong evidence that the risk has? increased? (We consider a? P-value of around 5?% to represent reasonable? evidence.) Complete parts a through f. ?

Perform the mechanics of the test. What is the? P-value? ?P-valueequals nothing ?(Round to three decimal places as? needed.)

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Explanation / Answer

There were no new relevant studies on the association between exposure to herbicides (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and its contaminant TCDD, cacodylic acid, and picloram) and spina bifida in offspring. The committee believes that the evidence is still limited or suggestive of an association between exposure the chemicals of interest (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T or its contaminant TCDD, picloram, or cacodylic acid) and spina bifida. On the basis of its evaluation of the epidemiologic evidence reviewed in this and previous Veterans and Agent Orange reports, the committee finds that there remains inadequate or insufficient evidence to determine whether an association exists between exposure to the chemicals of interest (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T or its contaminant TCDD, picloram, and cacodylic acid) and all other birth defects. Although there are reports of increased risks of TGA, nonsyndromal orofacial clefts, and CMGCs in the various studies reviewed for this update, those studies suffer from various pitfalls with respect to study design, sample size, and nonspecific exposure ascertainment.

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