Question 1 What were the limitations of Richter\'s original magnitude scale that

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Question 1 What were the limitations of Richter's original magnitude scale that led seismologists to develop a modified version of the magnitude scale, called Ms? (Check ALL of the answers that are correct) Oa. Richter's original magnitude scale only worked for earthquakes that were exactly 100 kilometers away from a Wood-Anderson type of seismograph. b. Richter's original magnitude scale only worked for earthquakes that were within a few hundred kilometers from a Wood-Anderson type of seismograph. C. Richter's original magnitude scale was only reliable for earthquakes that occured in southern California, because that's where he calibrated his magnitude scale d. Richter's original magnitude scale was only reliable for earthquakes within northern California, because that's where he calibrated his scale e. Richter's original magnitude scale could not distiguish differences in earthquake size for earthquakes that were larger than about magnitude 7 Of. Richter's original magnitude scale only worked for earthquakes bigger than about magnitude 7 g. Later researchers discovered mistakes in Richter's caluclations that make his orginal scale fundamentally unreliable for measuring the size of any earthquakes Question 2 What were the limitations of the Ms magnitude scale that led seismologists to develop the mb magnitude scale? O a. The Ms magnitude scale was only reliable in southern California, because that's where it was calibrated Ob. The Ms magnitude scale only worked for big earthquakes, not small earthquakes. Oc. The Ms magnitude scale ONLY works for deep earthquakes, not for shallow earthquakes. d. The Ms magnitude scale does not work for deep earthquakes, because the Ms scale is based on surface waves and deep earthquakes do not generate surface waves. Question 3 How does the Mw magnitude scale differ from all other magnitude scales? a. The Mw scale is based on the amplitude of seismic waves that have travelled through water b. All other magnitude scales use only surface waves and they tend to overestimate the sizes of small earthquakes, but the Mw scale uses body waves and thus gives an accurate measurement for small earthquakes. Oc. The Mw magnitude scale uses a different kind of seismograph d. All of the other magnitude scales are based on measuring the amplitude of one particular type of seismic wave, and they all tend to underestimate the size of really big earthquakes. Mw uses a set of long-period seismic waves, which are related to the length of the fault that slipped, and thus give an accurate estimate of the magnitude for all sizes of earthquakes.

Explanation / Answer

1).

b- Ritcher magnitude scale was not suitable to be applied for more than 600 km distance between the epicentre of the earthquake and the seismograph.But in this option it is mentioned that ' few hundred km" few can be > 6 or <6 so this option is not completely true

c- The Richter scale was operated under certain particular circumstances and instruments; the particular circumstance is nothing but the location which is at Southern California and "implicitly incorporates the properties of Southern California's crust and mantle.

prefer option c

this scale was not able to analyse the earthquakes > 7 magnitude but under 7 it can easily differentiate between the different magnitudes

2).

a)- For small distances basically around the southern california the higher frequency vibrations are attenuated and seismic surface waves are dominated by waves with a period of 20 seconds (which corresponds to a wavelength of about 60 km). Their magnitude was assigned a surface wave magnitude scale (Ms). Gutenberg also combined compressional P-waves and the transverse S-waves (which he termed "body waves") to create a body-wave magnitude scale (mb), measured for periods between 1 and 10 seconds

3).

c). Uses different kind of seismograph for this it was proposed that the seismologic readings of a quake from long-period seismographs are proportional to the fault area that slips, the average distance that the fault is displaced, and the rigidity of the material adjacent to the fault. However, it took 13 years before the Mw scale was designed.

4)

a).  The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945 released the equivalent of 16 Kilotons = 0.016 Megatons of TNT, about the energy equivalent of a magnitude 6 earthquake.

5).

c). Major earthquakes, greater than magnitude 7, happen more than once per month. "Great earthquakes", magnitude 8 and higher, occur about once a year.

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