1. Define biovolcanology? 2. What are hyperthermophilic environments? 3. Accordi
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1. Define biovolcanology? 2. What are hyperthermophilic environments? 3. According to the textbook, what is/are the way/s carbon dioxide can be sequestered, or removed, from the atmosphere? 4. According to the textbook, what is/are the way/s sulfur can be sequestered, or removed, from the atmosphere? 5. A lurid sky of bright yellow, orange, or red band caused by sunlight reflected from high-altitude aerosols is called 6. It is thought that the lurid colors of the sky in the Edvard Munch's painting The Scream was caused by aerosols and gases from the eruption? 7. What is a Bishop's ring? 8. According to the textbook, which volcanic eruption almost ended the "human evolution experiment"? When did this eruption occur? 9. Which historic volcanic eruption inspired the legend of Atlantis described by Plato?Explanation / Answer
1) Volcanology is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological, geophysical & geochemical phenomenon.
2) A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments from 60 °C & more. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is above 80 °C. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to withstand other environmental extremes such as high acidity or high radiation levels.
3)
i) Bio-energy with carbon capture & storage: Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage, uses biomass to extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and carbon capture and storage technologies to concentrate and permanently store it in deep geological formations.
ii) Biochar: Biochar is created by the pyrolysis of biomass, and is under investigation as a method of carbon sequestration. Biochar is a charcoal that is used for agricultural purposes which also aids in carbon sequestration, the capture or hold of carbon. It is created using a process called pyrolysis, which is basically the act of high temperature heating biomass in an environment with low oxygen levels.
iii) Enhanced weathering: Enhanced weathering refers to chemical approach to remove carbon dioxide involving land or ocean based techniques.
iv) Direct air capture: Carbon dioxide can be removed from ambient air through chemical processes, sequestered, and stored. Traditional modes of carbon capture such as precombustion and postcombustion CO2 capture from large point sources can help slow the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration, but only the direct removal of CO2 from the air.
v) Ocean fertilization: Ocean fertilization or ocean nourishment is a type of climate engineering based on the purposeful introduction of nutrients to the upper ocean to increase marine food production and to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. A number of techniques, including fertilization by iron, urea and phosphorus have been proposed.
4)
i) Wet scrubber: Wet scrubber describes a variety of devices that remove pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants.
ii) Spray drying: Spray drying is a method of producing a dry powder from a liquid or slurry by rapidly drying with a hot gas. This is the preferred method of drying of many thermally-sensitive materials such as foods and pharmaceuticals. A consistent particle size distribution is a reason for spray drying some industrial products such as catalysts. Air is the heated drying medium; however, if the liquid is a flammable solvent such as ethanol or the product is oxygen-sensitive then nitrogen is used.
iii) Wet sulfuric acid process: The wet sulfuric acid process is one of the impor gas desulfurization processes.It has been recognised as an efficient process for recovering sulfur from various process gasses in the form of commercial quality sulfuric acid with simultaneous production of high pressure steam.
iv) SNOX process: The SNOX process is a process which removes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates from flue gases. The sulfur is recovered as concentrated sulfuric acid and the nitrogen oxides are reduced to free nitrogen.
7) A Bishop's Ring is a diffuse brown or bluish halo observed around the sun. It is typically observed after large volcanic eruptions. This gigantic explosion threw a vast quantity of dust and volatile gases into the atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols remained in the stratosphere, causing colorful sunrises and sunsets for several years. The first observation of this ring was published in 1883, was described as a “faint halo” around the sun.
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