So from reading attached I need a pre-lab which it should have a pre lab title,

Question

So from reading attached I need a pre-lab which it should have a pre lab title, a purpose, protocol, and possibly a small conclusion. It should be at least 1 to 1 ½ page. See the photo for reference (bel0w) Its just doing a step by step process on the reading from the article attached. And following the pre-lab guide shown below: (Thanks in Advance).

SUGAR METABOLISM IN YEAST Jerome A. Montvilo A Book of Verses underneath the Bough, A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread,--and Thou Beside me singing in the Wilderness_ Oh, Wilderness were paradise enow! - From The Rubaiyat by Omar Khayyam, translated by Edward Fitzgerald 1. INTRODUCTION Wine and bread (and beer, and many other products) owe their existence to the activity of yeast. Baker's yeast and brewer's yeast are varieties of the type of fungus called Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The genus name says it all-this is a type of "sugar fungus2. These yeasts can metabolize sugars and break them down to release energy that is then stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules for use in the yeast's other metabolic (biochemical) processes. During this process two significant (to humans, anyway) byproducts are produced, ethanol (CH,OH, a drinkable alcohol) and carbon dioxide (CO2) Yeast can produce ATP in one of two ways. If oxygen (O2) is present then the process called aerobic cellular respiration is used. If oxygen is not present then the process called anaerobic cellular respiration (often called fermentation) is used. Each process starts with a molecule of the sugar glucose (CH,20). Through the process called glycolysis, the glucose is broken down. The products of this breakdown are then fed into other biochemical pathways to extract energy and store it in ATP molecules Aerobic respiration is very efficient at doing this, as seen in this equation: C^H,0%+602> [36 or 38] ATP +6H20+6C0, In words, glucose, in the presence of oxygen, is used to produce 36 or 38 ATP molecules along with water (H20) and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic respiration is not as efficient as aerobic respiration at producing ATP molecules, as seen in this equation C,H,206> [2] ATP +2C2H,OH +2CO2 In words, when oxygen is not present, glucose is used to produce two ATP molecules along with ethanol and carbon dioxide

Explanation / Answer

Pre-lab Title: To study sugar metabolism in yeast by quantifying the amount of carbon dioxide produced.

Purpose: The purpose of the experiment is to assess the activity of yeast in metabolizing sugars. Yeasts, for example Baker's yeast and Brewer's yeast, are important to humans in providing by products like ethanol when they undergo anaerobic respiration or fermentation to produce ATP and carbon dioxide. If the aerobic respiration takes place, the products are ATP, carbon dioxide and water and hence no byproducts are formed. Now, carbon dioxide is formed in both the processes, and so, it can act as the indicator of efficiency of yeast cells to metabolize sugars.

Sugars are the compounds with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They can be simple sugars (monosaccharides) like glucose, fructose, galactose or complex sugars (made of one or more monosachharides) like lactose, maltose, sucrose, starch etc. The cells have different ability to use these sugars depending on the presence of enzymes which can convert these sugars to glucose molecules which is direct substrate for respiration. For example, if a cell lacks an enzyme for breaking maltose to glucose (enzyme required is maltose), then maltose cannot act as food for that cell. Yeast has enzyme sucrase (for breaking sucrose) so we can study the metabolism in yeast by using sucrose (table sugar) as substrate. Yeast, available in dried form, when is placed in sucrose solution starts respiration and produces carbon dioxide which can be measured using manometer.

Monometer is an apparatus consisting of a u-shaped tube containing a liquid. It can be used to measure the amount of gas as passing the gas on one of its limbs results in fluid to rise in other limb. More is the increase in height of fluid in other limb, more will be the gas produced. So, tube containing sugar solution and yeast is connected to one side of manometer and control tube, containing only sugar solution and no yeast, is also maintained and connected to other side of manometer to control pressure build up.

In present lab, the activity will be compared by using glucose and any other sugar like table sugar.

Protocol:

Conclusions:

Higher is the increase in levels of fluid, more will be the gas produced and better, the sugar tested, will be the metabolite for yeast cells.

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