l lruciuiar hange t n Chrómaln is not something that is controlled by a gene\' a
ID: 282204 • Letter: L
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l lruciuiar hange t n Chrómaln is not something that is controlled by a gene' and is therefore calledEpigenatile gêne expression. regulation of o DNA, particularly the base cytosine (C), can be ( o The histones that wrap DNA within a nucleosome can be( This causes the chromatin to become more condensed This causes the chromatin to be uncoiled. anscription Factors 1. Proteins that bind the promoter of eukaryotic genes and affect the rate of transeription are called transcription factors (TFs) 2. These TFs bind to DNA sequences close to the gene, called Q 3. Those sequences far away from the gene are further divided into Enhancers elements that increase gene expression and 4. These transcription factors not only influence whether RNA polymerase can bind and move along the DNA but also affect the folding of the regulatory sequences and more distant sequences called regulatory sequences. Silencer elements that reduce gene expression. chromatin DNA. RNA Processing 1. Even when a DNA gene is transcribed at a high level to mRNA, this transcript may not make a lot of protein. One reason is that, in eukaryotes, mRNA must travel from the nucleus to the ribosomes and the molecule may break down along the way 2. The mRNA is a linear nucleic acid molecule (like a string) that is most fragile at its two ends. To protect the 5' end, the mRNA molecule is protected by a 7-methylguanosine ( and the 3' end is protected by a poly-A Q (three words) bind to both the 5' and 3' ends to protect them from damage. 3. Also, protein called st-Translational Regulation 1. Even when a gene is both transcribed to mRNA and translated to protein, the resultant protein may still be degraded or may be inactive within the cell. 2. Some proteins may have to be phosphorylated or dephosphorylated in order to make them functional. 3. Alternatively, expressed proteins can be tagged for removal from the cell. This involves ligating (or 'attaching) a molecule called is ligated ('attached") to the protein, tagging the protein for destruction by the proteasome. The ligation of this moelcule is like leaving a chair in the hallway saying "please throw out" and the proteasome is like the garbage can that in ends up insideExplanation / Answer
DNA, particularly the base cytosine (C) can be methylated.
The histones that wrap the DNA within a nucleosome can be acetylated.
Transcription factors:
2. proximal, distal.
RNA processing:
2. Cap, tail.
3. RNA-binding protein
Post-Translational Regulations
3. ubiquitin.
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