1. Hanifin et al., describe a study of populations of these animals that live on

Question

1. Hanifin et al., describe a study of populations of these animals that live on the west coast of North America. After reading the article, respond to the following questions: a. Describe the organisms of interest, and explain their cocxalutionary interactions. b. What is an "evolutionary arms c. Explain what the authors mean when they talk about "reciprocal sclection. d. Why do the authors refer to a "breakdown of reciprocal selection" in some areas of the geographic range that they studied? Interpret this figure (Figure 3 from Hanifin et al.'s c. ii. Interpret the color of the individual points ii. What do the vertical ars from each point iv. What are the three main groups of organisms v. Although no organisms were found in the shown here? orange section of this graph, what would be the- characteristics of organisms that region, if they were found? that would fall in f. Evaluate the authors' proposed explanation of why prey never escapes the arms race, with

Explanation / Answer

1.a) The organisms involved are prey and predator in nature with prey being toxic to the predator and simultaneously predator being resistant to certain amount of toxicity from prey. Snakes and its preys like frogs and newts are good exapmle of such interaction. The balance between prey toxicity and predator resistance to toxicity determines such coevolutionary interactions.

1.b) An evolutionary arms race may be defined as a positive feedback loop resulting in tug of war between competing sets of co-evolving genes, traits, or species, that develop adaptations and counter-adaptations against each other.

1.c) Enough data is not provided.

1.d) Enough data is not provided.

1.e.i) Prey toxicity is independent variable whereas predator resistance to toxicity is a dependent variable.

1.e.ii) Purple circles indicate: Predators with resistance to prey toxicity from 0.0001 to 0.001 mg. Blue circles indicate: Predators with resistance to prey toxicity from 0.01 to 0.1 mg. Dark green circles indicate: Predators with resistance to prey toxicity of approximately 0.1 mg. Light green and yellow circles indicate: Predators with resistance to prey toxicity from 0.1 mg to 1 mg. Light orange circles indicate: Predators with resistance to prey toxicity of approximately 1 mg. Dark orange circles indicate: Predators with resistance to prey toxicity from 1mg to 10 mg.

1.e.iii)Vertical bars from each point denotes the full range of prey toxicity values observed for each population.

1.e.iv) Three main categories of organisms are a) Predators with toxicity resistance equally matched with its prey toxicity (white region); b) Predators with toxicity resistance more than required as compared to its prey toxicity (grey region); and c) Predators with toxicity resistance less than its prey toxicity (orange region).

1.e.v) Predators observed in the orange region would be susceptible to prey due to lack of resistance towards prey toxicity. these predators would, however, survive via alternative methods for countering the toxicity.

1.f) As depicted in the graph, predators which target preys with even 0.1 mg toxicity are resistant to 100 mg oral dose of toTTX toxin. With 1000 times higher resistance to prey toxin, predator have a upper hand in terms of arms race.

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