After Reading This Chapter, You Should Be Able to Answer These Questions: 1. Wha

Question

After Reading This Chapter, You Should Be Able to Answer These Questions: 1. What are the anatomical features that distinguish members of the species Homo sapiens? 2. What does the study of the modern human genome tell us about the origins of Homo sapiens? 3. Where in Africa have the oldest H. sapiens fossils been found? How old are they? 4. What routes did the early H. sapiens populations take from Africa into Asia and Europe? What are some of the earliest H. sapiens fossils in Asia and Europe? 5. What are the known hominins other than H. sapiens that were living at the same time as H. sapiens? Is there any evidence of interbreeding? 6. When did hominins first arrive in the New World? Where did they come from What routes did they take? 7. What are the important features that characterize the Upper Paleolithic? 8. What do we know about the early cultures of people in the Americas? 9. What do he trms Mesoliuhic Nelihic, an 1 P. Mellars and C. Stringer (eds.), The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspetves Origins of Modern Humans (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), p. ix. on the

Explanation / Answer

1. Distinctive shape of brain separates Homo sapiens species with its older species. Narrow pelvis, longer and less robust limbs, lighter skeleton, slender and erect body are some distinguishing features of modern day Homo sapiens species.

2. Molecular analysis of fossil remains has lead us to the multi regional evolution of current day human. The DNA sequence analysis has shown a little difference in their genomic construction. According to study, migration of old Hominid from Africa to other continents lead to variation in genome and evolution of new species.

3. Oldest H. sapiens have been discovered from Morocco in africa. They are 3,00,000 years old.

4. First human spread out of the Africa through Egypt to Asia and Europe. Many fossil remains found includes: Homo erectus, Homo hibilis, H. floresi??sls etc.

5. Homo erectus shared the era with H. sapiens. Yes, there was evidence of interbreeding between hominins.

6. First hominin came in new world some how 3,00,000 years ago from Asia to North America . this is against the fact that H. sapiens was the first hominin to come in new world 20,000 years back.

7. Upper paleolithic are the last stage of paleolithic or old stone age. This is characterized by cultural evolution and richness, modification of tools, art and tradition.

8. Around 9500 years ago, natives of America learnt farming and they adapted for civilization by leaving behind the Nomidic culture. They started to settle down at one place and form social groups. Ancient culture of America comes under Archaic culture.

9. Mesolithic- It is the middle stone age which lies between paleolitic and neolithic age. The tools were more advance than used in paleolithic period. Community and culture grew larger and advanced with modifications and innovations.

Neolithic- It is the new stone age characterised by use of polished tools. It is characterized by dependency on domisticated plant and animals, settling of villages, emergence of crafts and pottery.

Civilization- It is the assemblage of complex societies with social stratification and urban and industrial development.

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