since humans and great apes last shared their commo stimat iom molecular compari

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since humans and great apes last shared their commo stimat iom molecular comparisons between the the species. Thes ans se sc nciled with fossil-derived estimates of difficulties t nolestar dlock and also because of probable chcu ienths over time acatie everis, ainough precision is hampered h an ges iveraity in great ape species appears to be significantly greater s despite their now having much smaller, and decreasing, popu from Question 7-5: How does genetic diversity vary between different oris, great ape (including human) species and subspecies? What factors ame might account for these differences? Question 7-6: How does human demographic history differ from that of chimpanzees, and how has this influenced genetic diversity in the two species? Question 7-7: An individual of a chimpanzee subspecies can be accurately classified using mtDNA, but not using any single autosomal locus-why is this? uted Question 7-8: Use information available from www.wcs.org to draw up a list of the main challenges in great ape and small primate conservation. ortant (for this chapter) by the authors. 6. Britten RJ (2002) Divergence between samples of chimn human DNA sequences is 5%, counting ree

Explanation / Answer

Most great ape genetic variation remains uncharacterized1,2; however, its study is critical for understanding population history3–6, recombination7, selection8, and susceptibility to disease9,10. Here, we sequence to high coverage a total of 79 wild- and captive-born individuals representing all six great ape species and seven subspecies and report ~88.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Our analysis provides support for genetically distinct populations within each species, novel signals of gene flow, and the split of common chimpanzees into two distinct groups: Nigeria-Cameroon/Western and Central/Eastern populations. We find extensive inbreeding in almost all wild populations with Eastern gorillas being the most extreme. Inferred effective population sizes have varied radically over time in different lineages and this appears to have a profound effect on the genetic diversity at or close to genes in almost all species. We comprehensively discover and assign 1,982 loss-of-function variants throughout the human and great ape lineages, determining that the rate of gene loss has not been different in the human branch compared to other internal branches in the great ape phylogeny. This comprehensive catalog of great ape genome diversity provides a framework for understanding evolution and a resource for more effective management of wild and captive great ape populations.

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